26 Questions
What is the legal definition of blindness in terms of visual acuity?
20/200
What does 'NLP' stand for in the context of vision assessment?
No Light Perception
What does 'OD' stand for when recording visual acuity?
Ocular Dexter
In what condition are parallel rays focused exactly on the retina and vision is perfect?
Emmetropia
What is the term used to describe aging vision where the lens loses its ability to focus?
Presbyopia
Which eye condition results in the visual image being focused behind the retina?
Hyperopia
What eye condition occurs when the visual image is focused in front of the retina?
Myopia
'PERRLA' is an abbreviation used to describe pupillary reaction. What does the 'A' stand for?
Accommodation
What is the method used to check a patient's peripheral vision by comparing with the examiner's vision?
Confrontation method
What type of eye misalignment is known as 'wall eye'?
Exotropia
Which cranial nerve controls most of the extraocular movements?
CN III
Which test is used to assess for strabismus by determining eye orientation?
Corneal light reflex test
What is the purpose of a 'red free filter' in ophthalmoscopy?
To enhance visualization of blood vessels
Which aperture is commonly used during ophthalmoscopy to focus on structures of the optic disc and macula?
Small aperture
Which part of the eye is assessed by following the retinal arteries and veins during an ophthalmoscopy?
Retina
What should the examiner do to locate the red reflex during an ophthalmoscopy?
Move in close to the patient
What is the primary purpose of assessing visual acuity?
To quantify the functional ability of the visual system
Which of the following fractions represents legal blindness in the United States?
20/200
Which of the following structures is NOT visible during a direct examination of the eye?
Retina
What is the significance of being able to view blood vessels in the eye during an examination?
It provides insight into systemic vascular diseases
Which of the following structures is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering the eye?
Iris
What is the significance of the statement "the eye is the only part of the body where blood vessels and central nervous system tissue (retina and optic nerve) can be viewed directly"?
It highlights the unique accessibility of the eye for examination
Which of the following tests is used to assess near vision?
Rosenbaum chart
What is the purpose of expressing visual acuity as a fraction (e.g., 20/200)?
To compare the patient's vision to that of a normally sighted individual
Which of the following statements about the external anatomy of the eye is correct?
The pupil is the opening in the iris that allows light to enter the eye
According to the passage, what is the significance of being able to examine the interior of the eye through the clear cornea?
It enables the detection of systemic diseases that may affect the eye
Study Notes
Extraocular Movements (EOMs)
- LR6SO4: All the rest CNIII
- Moves through cardinal directions, evaluating conjugate gaze, nystagmus, and lid lag
- Normal is documented as EOMI
Assessment of Strabismus
- Strabismus: a condition where the eyes are misaligned, presenting intermittently or continuously
- Types of strabismus:
- Esotropia: inward crossed eyes (most common in children, "crossed eye")
- Exotropia: out-turned eyes ("wall eye")
- Hyper/hypotropia: vertical misalignment
- Assessment methods:
- Corneal light reflex
- Cover-uncover test
- Directionality of eye orientation
Ophthalmoscopy
- Dilated vs. undilated exam
- Ambient light
- Right hand, right eye, right eye / Left hand, left eye, left eye
- Remove glasses, keep contacts in
- Filters: red-free filter, polarizing filter
- Apertures
- Technique:
- Hand on patient's head, lift brow
- Locate red reflex by looking through device
- Move in close to patient
- Focus on anything on the retina
- Slowly move to optic disc/cup, follow retinal arteries & veins, look at 4 quadrants and macula
- Practice!
Assessment of Visual Acuity
- Legal blindness: 20/200
- Complete blindness: NLP (no light perception)
- VA recorded with correction using abbreviations:
- OD: oculus dexter (right eye)
- OS: oculus sinister (left eye)
- OU: oculus uterque (both eyes)
- If correction unavailable, try the pinhole technique
Visual Acuity Terminology
- Emmetropia: normal vision
- Presbyopia: aging vision, lens loses ability to focus
- Hyperopia: farsightedness, visual image focused behind the retina
- Myopia: nearsightedness, visual image focused in front of the retina
Peripheral Vision
- Assess visual fields by confrontation
- Test patient's peripheral vision by comparing with the examiner's
- Test each eye separately, nasal and temporal sides separately
- Screening shortcut with finger addition exercises
Explore the topic of visual acuity assessment and eye sight, including legal blindness criteria, abbreviations used for recording visual acuity, techniques for assessment, and the concept of emmetropia for normal vision.
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