Vision Assessment in Infants and Conditions
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Questions and Answers

What was the first indication that Molly might have vision problems?

Molly would often focus her gaze on lights and rub her eyes frequently.

Why would a Snellen eye chart be difficult to administer to an infant?

The Snellen eye chart requires the individual to read letters or numbers, which an infant cannot do.

How should a typical pupil react to bright light?

A typical pupil should constrict in bright light.

Besides the tests mentioned, what other methods could be used to test a baby’s vision?

<p>Other methods could include observing the infant's ability to fixate on objects, or using a visual evoked potential test (VEP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic condition was Molly diagnosed with, and what gene was involved?

<p>Molly was diagnosed with Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) involving the RPE65 gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chance that two parents who carry one defective copy of the gene for Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) would have a child with LCA?

<p>There is a 25% chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the eyelid?

<p>To cover and protect the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of eyelashes besides protecting from dust?

<p>Eyelashes help protect the eyes from debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for pink eye?

<p>conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lacrimal glands?

<p>to produce tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides moistening the eye, what other function do tears serve?

<p>tears have enzymes that kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transparent dome of the eye that focuses light?

<p>cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition in which the cornea thins and develops a cone-like bulge?

<p>keratoconus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is the 'white of the eye'?

<p>sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'cooperative eye hypothesis'?

<p>the human eye's distinctive visible characteristics evolved to make it easier for humans to follow another's gaze while communicating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exits at the optic disk and transmits information from the eye to the brain?

<p>optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure in the eye that contains blood vessels?

<p>Choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ciliary body?

<p>Holds the lens in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does melanin play in determining eye color?

<p>Adds color to the eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the condition where one eye is a different color than the other?

<p>Heterochromia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes 'red-eye' in photographs?

<p>Reflection of the flash off the retina's blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the eye are photoreceptor cells located?

<p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of photoreceptors, and what type of vision is associated with each?

<p>Rods are for monochromatic (b&amp;w) vision, cones are for color vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do rainbows occur after it rains?

<p>Light passing through water droplets separates into the colors of the spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary colors that dogs can perceive?

<p>Dogs can only perceive yellow and blue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the lens shape changing during accommodation?

<p>The lens changes shape to facilitate focusing on objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition known as cataracts, and how is it treated?

<p>Cataracts involve the clouding of the lens and are treated by replacing it with an intraocular lens (IOL).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the iris and pupil function in regulating light?

<p>The iris constricts or dilates to regulate the amount of light entering through the pupil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aniridia?

<p>Aniridia is a condition where a person is born without an iris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are associated with retinal detachment?

<p>Symptoms include flashing lights, new floaters, and a shadow in the peripheral vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic factor contributes to color blindness, particularly in boys?

<p>Color blindness is linked to a gene located on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the Zonules of Zinn play in eye function?

<p>The Zonules of Zinn connect the ciliary body to the lens and control its shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane lining the inside of the eyelid and covering the white part of the eye. Often caused by bacteria and highly contagious.

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

The six muscles that control eye movement, allowing you to look up, down, left, right, and diagonally.

Lacrimal Glands

Glands located above the outer corner of each eye that produce tears.

Lacrimal Duct

A small tube that drains tears from the eye into the nasal cavity.

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Cornea

The transparent dome-shaped front part of the eye that focuses light.

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Sclera

The white part of the eye, a tough outer layer that protects the eye.

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Optic Disk

The point where the optic nerve connects to the eye, creating a blind spot.

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Optic Nerve

The nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain.

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Middle Tunic of the Eye

The middle layer of the eye, containing structures that support the lens and control light entry.

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Choroid

A dark, pigmented layer that provides nutrients to the eye and absorbs scattered light.

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Ciliary Body

A ring of muscle that holds the lens in place and adjusts its shape for focusing.

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Lens

The transparent structure that focuses light onto the retina.

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Iris

The colored part of the eye, regulating the amount of light entering the pupil.

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Pupil

The black opening in the center of the iris, allowing light to pass through to the retina.

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Aqueous Humor

Clear fluid between the cornea and lens, supplying nutrients and maintaining eye pressure.

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Retina

The innermost layer of the eye, containing photoreceptor cells that convert light into nerve signals.

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Why is the Snellen Eye Chart difficult for infants?

The Snellen Eye Chart is used to assess visual acuity, but it relies on the ability to identify letters or symbols. This makes it difficult to administer to infants who cannot yet recognize such patterns.

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What are the two primary pupil responses?

Pupil dilation is a natural response to darkness, allowing more light to enter the eye. Pupil constriction in bright light reduces the amount of incoming light.

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What is Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)?

Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is a rare, inherited form of blindness. It is caused by mutations in genes responsible for vision, leading to retinal degeneration.

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Explain how recessive inheritance works in LCA.

In recessive inheritance, a child inherits two copies of a defective gene, one from each parent. Each parent carries one copy of the defective gene, but they may not show the disease themselves.

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What is the eyelid's primary function?

The eyelid is a protective flap that covers the eye, providing a barrier against external irritants and debris.

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What is the function of eyelashes?

Eyelashes are delicate hairs that act as a physical barrier, preventing dust and debris from entering the eye.

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What is the conjunctiva and what is its function?

The conjunctiva is a thin, clear membrane. It lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the surface of the eye, providing protection and lubrication.

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What is trichiasis?

Trichiasis is a condition where eyelashes grow inward, irritating the surface of the eye. This can lead to discomfort, inflammation, and potential vision impairment.

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Vitreous Humor

The clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. It helps maintain the eye's shape and provides nutrients to these structures.

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Fovea Centralis

The central part of the retina, responsible for sharp central vision. The fovea is where the highest concentration of cones, which are responsible for color vision, are found.

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Accommodation

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances.

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Zonules of Zinn

Tiny, thread-like structures that connect the ciliary body to the lens. They control the lens's shape, allowing for accommodation.

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Cataracts

A clouding of the lens of the eye. This clouding can interfere with vision and, if left untreated, can lead to blindness.

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Aniridia

A condition in which the iris, the colored part of the eye, is missing. Aniridia can affect vision and lead to other eye problems.

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Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

A condition caused by a parasitic worm infection, leading to severe itching, skin bumps, and potentially blindness. It is often associated with living near rivers.

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Study Notes

Chapter 14 - Sensory Perception (EYE)

  • Molly's mother noticed vision problems when Molly was a baby.
  • While breastfeeding, Molly focused on room lights, frequently rubbing and pressing her eyes.
  • Molly was tested by a doctor, undergoing a series of vision tests.
  • Molly did not react to bright light during the vision tests.
  • Molly's pupils reacted slowly to bright light.
  • Molly could not track moving objects.
  • Molly frequently bumped into objects and tripped over things.
  • Additional tests, including a genetic test, were ordered to identify potential hereditary blindness.
  • Molly was diagnosed with Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCE).
  • Molly inherited two defective copies of the RPE65 gene. Each parent had one defective copy (recessive).

Eye Structure and Functions

  • Eyelids: Cover and protect the eye; thin skin.
  • Eyelashes: Fine hairs protecting eyes from dust and debris.
  • Trichiasis: Inversion of eyelashes, irritating the eye.
  • Conjunctiva: Covering around the eye and under eyelids.
  • Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Inflammation of the conjunctiva (bacterial, contagious).
  • Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Move the eye (superior rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, medial rectus, inferior oblique, inferior rectus).
  • Lacrimal Glands: Produce tears that drain into nasal cavity via lacrimal duct.
  • Tears: Moistens and lubricates the eye surface, containing enzymes killing bacteria.
  • Canaliculi: Drain tears; part of the tear drainage system.
  • Cornea: Transparent dome focusing light.
  • Cornea Transplants: Possible replacement for damaged or diseased corneas.
  • Keratoconus: Eye condition where cornea thins and bulges (cone-like shape).
  • Sclera: Continuation of the cornea, the white of the eye.
  • Cooperative Eye Hypothesis: Human eye's appearance evolved for easier following of another's gaze, facilitated communication.
  • Optic Nerve: Exits at the optic disk, transmitting information to the occipital lobe of the brain.
  • Optic Disk (Blind Spot): Area lacking photoreceptors.
  • Choroid: Contains blood vessels.
  • Ciliary Body: Holds lens, assists in focusing.
  • Lens: Focusing light; reverses image (objects are upside-down).
  • Pupil: Opening allowing light into the eye.
  • Iris: Colored portion of eye, regulating pupil size.
  • Aqueous Humor: Liquid surrounding the lens.
  • Vitreous Humor: Supports internal parts of the eye; fluid within the eye.
  • Retina: Visual receptor cells.
  • Fovea Centralis/Macula: Region with sharpest vision.
  • Photoreceptors (rods and cones): Rods for monochromatic vision (black and white), Cones for color vision.
  • RPE65: Protein expressed in photoreceptor cells; mutated form causing cell death in LCA.
  • Methanol Poisoning: During Prohibition, a significant cause of blindness due to chemicals in wood alcohol.
  • Red-Eye: Caused by flash reflection off retina blood vessels.
  • Blind Spot (Optic Disk): No photoreceptor cells present at the point where optic nerve exits the eye.

Problems with the EYE

  • Cataracts: Clouding of the lens leading to a clinical condition.
  • Treatment (Cataracts): Lens removal and artificial intraocular lens (IOL) replacement.
  • Aniridia: Condition of being born without an iris.
  • Onchocerciasis (River Blindness): Disease caused by infection with a parasitic worm, resulting in severe symptoms like itching and blindness.
  • Color Blindness: Genetic trait affecting boys more, located on the X chromosome
  • Floaters: Vitreous substance clumps, casting shadows on the retina.
  • Retinal Detachment: Retina pulled away from its normal position.
  • Glaucoma: High pressure from vitreous humor damages optic nerve (can lead to blindness).
  • Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Light focuses behind the retina; requires corrective plus lenses.
  • Myopia (Nearsightedness): Light focuses in front of the retina; requires corrective minus lenses.
  • Astigmatism: Cornea irregularity making some parts of the field of view out of focus.

Treatment Options

  • Glasses or contact lenses: Common vision correction for many eye problems.
  • LASIK surgery: Corrective eye surgery involving creating a flap in the cornea to reshape it.
  • Gene therapy: Possible treatment option for some forms of blindness.

###Additional Notes

  • The image of the Mona Lisa upside down is used to illustrate the brain difficulties interpreting upside down images.
  • Various diagrams and images illustrate these concepts.
  • There is mention of a 2010 FDA approval for a gene therapy for certain forms of blindness.

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Description

This quiz focuses on vision assessment techniques in infants, including how to interpret signs of vision problems and the use of various diagnostic tools. Additionally, it covers genetic conditions affecting vision such as Leber Congenital Amaurosis. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the eye and its functions.

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