Week 6 & 7

A virus that causes the flu, with surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that facilitate entry and release.

A viral surface protein that binds to sialic acid receptors on host cells, helping the virus enter.

A viral surface enzyme that helps the virus escape host cells and spread.

Flu virus evolution through small genetic mutations in HA and NA changing antigens, creating new strains.

Flu virus evolution through genetic reassortment of genes from two different viruses in the same host.

A receptor on vertebrate cell surfaces involved in the attachment of the influenza virus (influenza virus uses sialic acid on the host cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes).

The process that creates new strains of influenza viruses by mutations (drift or reassortment).

Changes in the genetic code (DNA or RNA) of the influenza virus.

A global outbreak of a contagious disease.

An acellular infectious agent incapable of self-replication, requiring host cell infection to reproduce.

Consists of a genome (DNA or RNA), a protein capsid, and sometimes a lipid envelope with surface receptors.

A series of steps leading to viral reproduction inside a host cell, varying based on the virus's genome.

Virus binds to host cell receptors with proteins on its capsid or envelope.

Entry into host cell through direct penetration, fusion, or receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Removal of the viral capsid to expose the viral genome inside the host cell.

Production of viral genomes and proteins.

Joining of viral genomes and capsids to form new viruses.

Ejection of newly assembled viruses from the host cell.

Apoptosis (host cell death), Budding (envelope creation), or Exocytosis (vesicles).

Viruses with RNA as their genetic material.

Media promoting growth of specific organisms present in small numbers, outcompeted by others.

Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

Enzyme breaking down long-chain carbohydrates.

Enzyme breaking down peptides.

Family of bacteria, mostly facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose, and typically have peritrichous flagella (except Shigella and Klebsiella).

Genus in the Enterobacteriaceae bacteria family

Bacteria can produce different colored colonies.

Byproducts of bacterial metabolism can change the media's appearance or characteristics.

A family of bacteria, often causing disease in humans, that ferment glucose and typically have peritrichous flagella (except for Shigella and Klebsiella).

A differential medium used to detect fecal coliform bacteria. It has pH indicators changing color based on fermentation, and inhibits Gram-positive bacteria.

A selective and differential medium that allows for the growth of gram-negative bacteria, using lactose as a fermentable carbohydrate.

A differential medium used to distinguish between different Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, based on lactose fermentation and the production of specific byproducts.

A medium that helps separate bacteria based on their metabolic properties.

Certain genera and species of Enterobacteriaceae causing illnesses.

A species of bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family.

A species of bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family.

A species of bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family, important for human health.

A species of bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family, frequently causing food poisoning.

Media that distinguishes bacteria based on their characteristics, such as metabolism or enzyme production.

Media that promotes the growth of specific types of bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others.

Selective and differential media used to isolate Staphylococcus species, with high salt concentration to inhibit halophile growth.

The ability of bacteria to metabolize lactose.

Selective and differential media used to isolate Salmonella and Shigella from fecal samples, using bile salts and to inhibit gram positives.

Selective media used to isolate Salmonella typhi, an indicator of typhoid fever, preventing gram positives and coliforms from growing, detects S.typhi with specific color.

Media that supports the growth of specific organisms in samples, allowing less numerous types to thrive.

Nonselective media that support a wide range of bacterial growth due to its nutrient richness.

Enrichment media with added blood for differentiating bacteria based on their hemolytic properties.

Blood agar with heated blood to improve its nutrient and gas exchange for bacteria.

Partial breakdown of red blood cells, producing a greenish discoloration of the agar.

Complete breakdown of red blood cells, causing a clearing around the bacterial colonies.

No breakdown of red blood cells.