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Virus Structure and Classification
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Virus Structure and Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which process involves the virus integrating into the host genome without immediately killing the host cell?

  • Exogenous replication
  • Lysogenic replication (correct)
  • Lytic replication
  • Acute replication

    • What characterizes a persistent viral infection?

  • The host cells are rapidly killed by the virus.
  • The virus is cleared from the body completely.
  • The virus causes excessive damage to host cells immediately.
  • The virus remains in specific cells and can have silent or productive phases. (correct)

    • Which of the following viruses is known for its ability to establish latency within the host cells?

  • Influenza Virus
  • Human Papillomavirus
  • Varicella-Zoster Virus (correct)
  • Hepatitis C Virus

    • In what part of the viral life cycle does viral latency occur?

    <p>Latency stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the outcome of lytic replication?

    <p>The host cell dies and releases new virus particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus generally has higher mutation rates?

    <p>RNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is viral tropism?

    <p>The ability of a virus to infect a specific host species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is categorized as an orthomyxovirus?

    <p>Influenza viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence viral replication and dissemination?

    <p>Cell receptors and transcription availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common features of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?

    <p>Higher mutation rates and lower stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known for causing diseases in dentistry?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT typically involved in the process of viral entry into a host cell?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes retroviruses from other virus types?

    <p>They have an RNA genome that is reverse transcribed into DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a virus's capsid?

    <p>To protect and introduce viral genomes into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses primarily replicate within a host?

    <p>By commandeering the host's cellular machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known for having a linear double-stranded DNA genome?

    <p>Varicella zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'viral tropism' refer to?

    <p>The specificity of a virus for certain host cells or tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes viral persistence?

    <p>It allows the virus to remain dormant without producing symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature distinguishes an enveloped virus from a non-enveloped virus?

    <p>An external membrane envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?

    <p>RNA viruses typically replicate faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted through blood and is associated with liver disease?

    <p>Hepatitis B virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the uncoating/eclipse phase in viral infection?

    <p>To make viral nucleic acid accessible for transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT a way in which a virus can penetrate a host cell?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the virus take advantage of existing cell structures for replication?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the eclipse or latent period of viral infection?

    <p>A pause in the detection of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of viral proteins synthesized during the viral replication process?

    <p>Structural and non-structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in the viral replication process?

    <p>It codes for the synthesis of enzymes needed for early steps in viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur before a virus can begin to synthesize its components after penetration?

    <p>Uncoating of viral capsids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the assembly phase in the viral life cycle?

    <p>It involves loading capsomeres with nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the capsid in viruses?

    <p>To protect the viral genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the composition of the nucleocapsid?

    <p>Capsid surrounding nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with leading to compromised immune systems?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure do all of the following viruses share: HIV, Hepatitis B, and Chickenpox?

    <p>Icosahedral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic primarily differentiates RNA viruses from DNA viruses?

    <p>Type of nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is commonly linked to causing gastroenteritis?

    <p>Norovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is known to cause painful blisters or ulcers?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of surface proteins in viruses?

    <p>To facilitate binding to specific cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key aspect of prion replication?

    <p>They convert normal prion proteins into pathogenic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is responsible for causing measles?

    <p>Paramyxovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Virus Structure and Classification

    • Viruses are infectious particles smaller than bacteria, unable to replicate without a host cell.
    • They consist of a DNA or RNA genome inside a protein shell (capsid), sometimes with an external lipid membrane (envelope).
    • Viral genomes can be linear or circular, single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
    • The capsid protects the genome and helps introduce it into host cells. RNA viruses generally have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses.

    Viral Tropism

    • Viral tropism is a virus's ability to infect specific cells, tissues, or host species.
    • This selectivity depends on factors like the availability of cellular receptors and transcription factors.

    Viral Replication and Dissemination

    • Viral replication involves several stages: adsorption (attachment to host cell receptors), penetration (entry into the cell), uncoating (release of the viral genome), transcription (mRNA synthesis), synthesis of viral components, assembly (formation of new virions), and release.
    • Penetration can occur through endocytosis, fusion, or translocation.
    • The eclipse phase is the period between penetration and the production of new virions.
    • Lytic replication kills the host cell, while lysogenic replication allows the host cell to survive.

    Common Viruses in Dentistry

    • HIV: Icosahedral symmetry, RNA genome; causes AIDS by targeting CD4 T-lymphocytes.
    • Hepatitis B: Icosahedral symmetry, DNA genome; infects the liver and spreads through bodily fluids.
    • Varicella-Zoster: Icosahedral symmetry, DNA genome; causes chickenpox and shingles.
    • Herpes Simplex: Icosahedral symmetry, DNA genome; causes painful blisters or ulcers.
    • Influenza: Helical symmetry, RNA genome; a respiratory infection.

    Viral Persistence and Latency

    • Persistent infections are characterized by the virus remaining in the host without being cleared.
    • Latency is the ability of a virus to remain dormant within a cell.

    Prions

    • Prions are misfolded proteins which replicate by converting normal prion proteins into abnormal forms.
    • They are composed of long chains of amino acids.

    Additional Viruses and Diseases

    The following table summarizes various viruses and the diseases they cause:

    Virus Name Disease
    Picornavirus Polio, Hepatitis A, common cold, hand, foot, and mouth disease
    Astrovirus Gastroenteritis, meningitis in children
    Calcivirus Norovirus, Sapovirus
    Togavirus Rubella, Sindbis virus
    Retrovirus HIV
    Orthomyxovirus Influenza A, B, C
    Paramyxovirus Measles, mumps, croup
    Papillomavirus HPV, genital warts, epidermodysplasia verruciformis
    Adenovirus Common cold, gastrointestinal illnesses, pink eye (conjunctivitis)
    Coronavirus SARS, MERS

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    Related Documents

    Virus Student Copy 2.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of virus structure, classification, and the processes involved in viral replication. Participants will learn about viral genomes, capsids, and the concept of viral tropism. Test your understanding of viral biology and its significance.

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