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Questions and Answers
Which process involves the virus integrating into the host genome without immediately killing the host cell?
Which process involves the virus integrating into the host genome without immediately killing the host cell?
What characterizes a persistent viral infection?
What characterizes a persistent viral infection?
Which of the following viruses is known for its ability to establish latency within the host cells?
Which of the following viruses is known for its ability to establish latency within the host cells?
In what part of the viral life cycle does viral latency occur?
In what part of the viral life cycle does viral latency occur?
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Which statement best describes the outcome of lytic replication?
Which statement best describes the outcome of lytic replication?
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Which type of virus generally has higher mutation rates?
Which type of virus generally has higher mutation rates?
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What is viral tropism?
What is viral tropism?
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Which of the following viruses is categorized as an orthomyxovirus?
Which of the following viruses is categorized as an orthomyxovirus?
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What factors influence viral replication and dissemination?
What factors influence viral replication and dissemination?
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What are the common features of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?
What are the common features of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?
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Which virus is known for causing diseases in dentistry?
Which virus is known for causing diseases in dentistry?
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Which step is NOT typically involved in the process of viral entry into a host cell?
Which step is NOT typically involved in the process of viral entry into a host cell?
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What characteristic distinguishes retroviruses from other virus types?
What characteristic distinguishes retroviruses from other virus types?
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What is the primary function of a virus's capsid?
What is the primary function of a virus's capsid?
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How do viruses primarily replicate within a host?
How do viruses primarily replicate within a host?
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Which virus is known for having a linear double-stranded DNA genome?
Which virus is known for having a linear double-stranded DNA genome?
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What does the term 'viral tropism' refer to?
What does the term 'viral tropism' refer to?
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Which statement correctly describes viral persistence?
Which statement correctly describes viral persistence?
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What structural feature distinguishes an enveloped virus from a non-enveloped virus?
What structural feature distinguishes an enveloped virus from a non-enveloped virus?
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What is a common feature of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?
What is a common feature of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?
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Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted through blood and is associated with liver disease?
Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted through blood and is associated with liver disease?
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What is the primary purpose of the uncoating/eclipse phase in viral infection?
What is the primary purpose of the uncoating/eclipse phase in viral infection?
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Which of the following methods is NOT a way in which a virus can penetrate a host cell?
Which of the following methods is NOT a way in which a virus can penetrate a host cell?
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During which phase does the virus take advantage of existing cell structures for replication?
During which phase does the virus take advantage of existing cell structures for replication?
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What characterizes the eclipse or latent period of viral infection?
What characterizes the eclipse or latent period of viral infection?
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What are the two types of viral proteins synthesized during the viral replication process?
What are the two types of viral proteins synthesized during the viral replication process?
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What is the role of mRNA in the viral replication process?
What is the role of mRNA in the viral replication process?
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What must occur before a virus can begin to synthesize its components after penetration?
What must occur before a virus can begin to synthesize its components after penetration?
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What is the significance of the assembly phase in the viral life cycle?
What is the significance of the assembly phase in the viral life cycle?
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What is the primary function of the capsid in viruses?
What is the primary function of the capsid in viruses?
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Which of the following describes the composition of the nucleocapsid?
Which of the following describes the composition of the nucleocapsid?
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Which virus is associated with leading to compromised immune systems?
Which virus is associated with leading to compromised immune systems?
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What type of structure do all of the following viruses share: HIV, Hepatitis B, and Chickenpox?
What type of structure do all of the following viruses share: HIV, Hepatitis B, and Chickenpox?
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What characteristic primarily differentiates RNA viruses from DNA viruses?
What characteristic primarily differentiates RNA viruses from DNA viruses?
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Which virus is commonly linked to causing gastroenteritis?
Which virus is commonly linked to causing gastroenteritis?
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Which of the following viruses is known to cause painful blisters or ulcers?
Which of the following viruses is known to cause painful blisters or ulcers?
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What is the main role of surface proteins in viruses?
What is the main role of surface proteins in viruses?
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What is one key aspect of prion replication?
What is one key aspect of prion replication?
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Which virus is responsible for causing measles?
Which virus is responsible for causing measles?
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Study Notes
Virus Structure and Classification
- Viruses are infectious particles smaller than bacteria, unable to replicate without a host cell.
- They consist of a DNA or RNA genome inside a protein shell (capsid), sometimes with an external lipid membrane (envelope).
- Viral genomes can be linear or circular, single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
- The capsid protects the genome and helps introduce it into host cells. RNA viruses generally have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses.
Viral Tropism
- Viral tropism is a virus's ability to infect specific cells, tissues, or host species.
- This selectivity depends on factors like the availability of cellular receptors and transcription factors.
Viral Replication and Dissemination
- Viral replication involves several stages: adsorption (attachment to host cell receptors), penetration (entry into the cell), uncoating (release of the viral genome), transcription (mRNA synthesis), synthesis of viral components, assembly (formation of new virions), and release.
- Penetration can occur through endocytosis, fusion, or translocation.
- The eclipse phase is the period between penetration and the production of new virions.
- Lytic replication kills the host cell, while lysogenic replication allows the host cell to survive.
Common Viruses in Dentistry
- HIV: Icosahedral symmetry, RNA genome; causes AIDS by targeting CD4 T-lymphocytes.
- Hepatitis B: Icosahedral symmetry, DNA genome; infects the liver and spreads through bodily fluids.
- Varicella-Zoster: Icosahedral symmetry, DNA genome; causes chickenpox and shingles.
- Herpes Simplex: Icosahedral symmetry, DNA genome; causes painful blisters or ulcers.
- Influenza: Helical symmetry, RNA genome; a respiratory infection.
Viral Persistence and Latency
- Persistent infections are characterized by the virus remaining in the host without being cleared.
- Latency is the ability of a virus to remain dormant within a cell.
Prions
- Prions are misfolded proteins which replicate by converting normal prion proteins into abnormal forms.
- They are composed of long chains of amino acids.
Additional Viruses and Diseases
The following table summarizes various viruses and the diseases they cause:
| Virus Name | Disease |
|---|---|
| Picornavirus | Polio, Hepatitis A, common cold, hand, foot, and mouth disease |
| Astrovirus | Gastroenteritis, meningitis in children |
| Calcivirus | Norovirus, Sapovirus |
| Togavirus | Rubella, Sindbis virus |
| Retrovirus | HIV |
| Orthomyxovirus | Influenza A, B, C |
| Paramyxovirus | Measles, mumps, croup |
| Papillomavirus | HPV, genital warts, epidermodysplasia verruciformis |
| Adenovirus | Common cold, gastrointestinal illnesses, pink eye (conjunctivitis) |
| Coronavirus | SARS, MERS |
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of virus structure, classification, and the processes involved in viral replication. Participants will learn about viral genomes, capsids, and the concept of viral tropism. Test your understanding of viral biology and its significance.
