Virus Nomenclature and Structures Lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a basis for virus classification?

  • Transmission method
  • Type of host
  • City of origin
  • Type of nucleic acid (correct)

What characteristic is used to describe whether a virus genome is segmented or non-segmented?

  • Type of host
  • Infectious process
  • Genome structure (correct)
  • Transmission vector

Why is recognizing the genome type of a virus important?

  • It influences diagnosis and treatment. (correct)
  • It predicts the transmission rate.
  • It helps in naming the virus.
  • It determines the virus's size.

Which type of virus belongs to the category of diseases transmitted by vectors?

<p>Mosquito-borne viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a virus does virion size describe?

<p>Physical dimensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification criteria for viruses based on their evolutionary nomenclature?

<p>Symptoms caused (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'icosahedral capsid' refer to in the context of virology?

<p>The shape of the protein shell surrounding the virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a characteristic of the double-stranded genome?

<p>It can be RNA or DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is classified based on the location where it was first reported?

<p>Nipah virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for classifying viruses by their transmission method?

<p>To provide a basis for public health interventions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the taxonomic suffix for the order of viruses?

<p>-virales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family of viruses does the genus Morbilivirus belong to?

<p>Paramyxoviridae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for membership of a virus species?

<p>No single characteristic is essential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is known to be associated with the genus Coronavirus?

<p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the taxonomic suffix for the family of viruses?

<p>-viridae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible state of a virion regarding its structure?

<p>Naked or enveloped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which subfamily is the Paramyxovirus classified?

<p>Paramyxovirinae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the taxonomic suffix '-virinae' indicate?

<p>It categorizes the subfamily of viruses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a genus of the viral taxonomy mentioned?

<p>Mumps virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nucleic acid' refer to in the context of viruses?

<p>The genetic material present in the virus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus classification involves single-stranded RNA with negative polarity?

<p>(-) sense ssRNA viruses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of dsDNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification?

<p>They include poxvirus and herpes virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes ssDNA viruses?

<p>They are notably represented by parvovirus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do RNA reverse transcribing viruses operate?

<p>They replicate via RNA to DNA conversion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus from the Baltimore classification is associated with dsRNA?

<p>Rotavirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these viruses is categorized under the (-) sense ssRNA classification?

<p>Rabies virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification is not present in the Baltimore classification system?

<p>soRNA viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the replication strategy of dsRNA viruses?

<p>They have a segmented genome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is most likely to induce a strong inflammatory response in the host?

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ssRNA viruses?

<p>They are translated directly into proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genome structure is primarily associated with HBV?

<p>Double-stranded DNA with RNA intermediate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do structural proteins of a virus typically serve?

<p>They facilitate virus attachment to host cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do virions differ in their survival outside host cells?

<p>Survival duration varies depending on the virus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-structural proteins are primarily synthesized in which context?

<p>They are encoded by viral genes but only made in infected cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the viral genome's 5' methylated cap?

<p>It helps initiate translation in the host cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components do virions typically carry?

<p>Genomes, capsids, and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of repeat sequences found in viral RNA genomes?

<p>They serve as enhancers or origins of replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of virions?

<p>They can replicate independently of host cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteases that are classified as non-structural proteins?

<p>They assist in protein modification and maturation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of genomic RNA that acts as mRNA for translation in the host?

<p>It includes a 5' methylated cap and a 3' polyadenosine tail. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Virus Nomenclature

Virus classification based on characteristics like host type, disease type, transmission method and geographical origin.

Host Type (Virus)

Classifying viruses based on the organism they infect (e.g., human, animal, plant).

Disease Type (Virus)

Classifying viruses based on the specific disease they cause.

Vector Transmission (Virus)

Classifying viruses based on whether they are transmitted by an intermediate organism (e.g., mosquito).

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Geographical Origin (Virus)

Naming viruses based on the location where the disease was first identified.

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Genome Type (Virus)

Classifying viruses based on whether the genome is DNA or RNA.

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Single/Double Stranded Nucleic Acid

Categorizing viruses based on the structure of their genetic material (single or double stranded).

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Segmented/Non-Segmented Genome

Categorizing viruses based on if their genome is divided into separate segments or not.

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Virion Size

Classifying viruses based on the physical size of the infectious particle.

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Capsid Structure (Virus)

Classifying viruses based on the shape of their protein coat.

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dsDNA Viruses

Viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes.

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ssDNA Viruses

Viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes.

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dsRNA Viruses

Viruses with double-stranded RNA genomes.

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ssRNA (+): Viruses

Viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes with a positive (+) polarity.

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ssRNA (-) Viruses

Viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes that have a negative (-) polarity.

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Baltimore Classification

A system to categorize viruses based on their genome type and replication strategy.

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Viral Genome

The genetic material of a virus, either DNA or RNA.

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Replication Strategy

How a virus replicates its genome inside a host cell.

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RNA Reverse Transcribing Viruses

Viruses that use an enzyme to convert RNA into DNA.

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Positive (+) Sense RNA

RNA that can be directly translated into proteins.

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Virus Identification

Determining the type of virus through microscopy or other techniques like analyzing nucleic acids.

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Naked or Enveloped Virion

Describes the type of casing around a virus particle; enveloped viruses have a lipid coat. Naked ones do not.

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Viral Taxonomy

The classification system for viruses, organized by groups, orders, families, subfamilies, genera, and species.

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ICTV

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: the group responsible for virus classification.

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Taxonomic Suffixes

The specific endings added to virus names at different levels of classification (e.g., -virales, -viridae).

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Virus Species

A group of viruses sharing similar characteristics and properties; they share common genetic and physical features.

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Virus Nomenclature Rules

The rules on how viral species and genera names are formatted: Using Italics for Genus, Capitalization for first letter of species name

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Virus Characteristics

Features used to identify and classify viruses; these features are important for creating treatment approaches for viruses

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Viral Species Membership

Viruses in a species share some characteristics but no single characteristic defines the entirety of a species.

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Correct Drug Selection

Identifying the specific virus type is critical for choosing the appropriate antiviral drug in medical care.

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dsDNA with RNA intermediate (HBV)

A type of virus where the genetic material is double-stranded DNA, but involves an RNA intermediate stage in its replication cycle. This is a specific example.

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Virions

Infectious virus particles, containing the virus's genetic material and structural components, that allow for virus survival and transmission.

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Virus Genomes

The genetic material (DNA or RNA) of a virus, necessary for viral replication inside host cells.

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Structural Proteins

Proteins that form the virus structure and protect the genome.

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Non-structural Proteins

Proteins produced inside the host cell, not part of the virion, but crucial for viral replication and interfering with the host's immune response

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Virus Envelopes

Lipid membrane surrounding some viruses, aiding in entry into host cells.

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Spike Proteins

Proteins on the surface of enveloped viruses that attach to host cells, critical for entry.

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Virus capsids

Protein shell surrounding the genome of non-enveloped viruses.

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Virus Genome Replication

Making copies of viruses' genetic material inside host cells.

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RNA Genome Function

Specific RNA genomes can directly function as mRNA, helping translate the virus instructions into proteins.

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Study Notes

Lecture 1: Virus Nomenclature and Structures

  • Learning outcomes: Students will be able to categorize viruses and describe their structures and functions.

General Nomenclature of Viruses

  • Virus classification is based on:
    • Host type (e.g., human, avian)
    • Disease type (e.g., measles, influenza)
    • Transmission method (vector-borne, non-vector-borne)
    • Geographical location of initial outbreak

Evolution of Virus Nomenclature

  • Based on virus particle characteristics:
    • Genome type (DNA or RNA; single or double stranded)
    • Genome segmentation (segmented or non-segmented)
    • Capsid shape (helical or icosahedral)
    • Virion size
    • Presence or absence of an envelope

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

  • Viruses are categorized by order, family, subfamily, genus, and species.
  • This is used to organize knowledge about diverse viruses with similar or shared traits

Baltimore Classification of Viruses

  • Based on genome type (DNA or RNA; plus or minus strand) and replication strategies
  • Categorizes viruses into 7 classes.

The Baltimore Classification System

  • 7 categories of viruses based on their genetic makeup and replication.
  • Example virus types included: DNA viruses, RNA viruses, single or double stranded.

Virions

  • Outside host cells, viruses survive as virions.
  • Virions are infectious—how long they survive outside host cells depends on the virus
  • Virions carry genomes, capsids, and lipid or protein envelopes (some have both)

Virus Genomes

  • Viral RNA genomes can act as mRNA.
  • They can have repeat sequences at the ends that serve various functions (e.g., promoters, enhancers, origins of replication).

Virus Proteins

  • Structural proteins: Components of virions; protect the viral genome, attach to host cells, and fuse viral envelopes with host membranes during replication.
  • Non-structural proteins: Encoded by viral genes and synthesized in infected cells. These carry out functions such as enzymes, transcription factors, and interfering with the host's immune response

Virus Proteins: Capsids

  • Major function: Protecting the viral genome
  • Other functions include reorganization and attachment to host cells, and releasing the genome into the cell.
  • Capsid+genome = nucleocapsid
  • Capsids are usually helical or icosahedral

Virion Membranes

  • Derived from host cell membranes.
  • Mostly animal viruses have envelopes. Influenza and herpesviruses are examples
  • Enveloped virions carry integral membrane proteins (glycoproteins) which typically play roles in attachment and fusion with host cell membranes.

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Lecture 1: Virus Nomenclature and Structures PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of virus nomenclature and their structural characteristics. Students will learn how to classify viruses based on various criteria, including host types, diseases, and transmission methods. Additionally, the evolution of virus nomenclature and the Baltimore Classification will be discussed.

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