Virus-Based Vaccines Quiz

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What is the benefit of memory immune responses for an immunized individual?

They are similar in speed and strength to an unimmunized individual

They do not provide any benefit

They are faster and stronger than for an unimmunized individual (correct)

They are slower and weaker than for an unimmunized individual

How does herd immunity contribute to protecting newborns and infants?

It has no impact on protecting newborns and infants

It increases the risk of diseases in newborns and infants

It reduces the number of susceptible hosts, indirectly protecting them (correct)

It directly vaccinates newborns and infants

Which of the following is NOT a goal achieved by national and international immunization programs mentioned in the text?

Reduction in cancer risk caused by HPV infections

Elimination of tuberculosis worldwide (correct)

Control of the spread of rubella, varicella zoster virus, and rotavirus

Protection from diphtheria, tetanus, and rabies

What additional measures, mentioned in the text, can be taken to prevent disease apart from immunization programs?

Water purification to eliminate the source of infection Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial vaccine is recommended for children and adults to prevent tetanus?

Clostridium tetani (tetanus) Toxoid Signup and view all the answers

Who should receive the Bordetella pertussis vaccine according to the information provided?

Children and adults Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial vaccine is specifically recommended for travelers to cholera epidemic areas?

Vibrio cholerae (cholera) Signup and view all the answers

What is the component of the Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) vaccine?

Capsule polysaccharide-protein conjugate Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial vaccine is specifically for sheep handlers and laboratory personnel working with Coxiella burnetii?

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Signup and view all the answers

What type of components elicit a protective immune response in a subunit vaccine?

Surface structures of bacteria and viral attachment proteins Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacterial vaccines protect against the pathogenic action of toxins mainly?

Toxoid bacterial vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacterial vaccines are currently available according to the information provided?

Surface components of bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of preparing a rabies vaccine?

Killed cell preparation using chemical inactivation Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the Bordetella pertussis vaccine?

Acellular pertussis components Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between passive and active immunization?

The route of administration Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used to produce inactivated vaccines?

Live virus purification Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response does inactivated vaccine usually generate?

TH2 response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adjuvant used in vaccines?

Aluminum hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is associated with live vaccines?

Oral or respiratory Signup and view all the answers

Why are inactivated vaccines generally considered safe?

They cannot cause the disease Signup and view all the answers

'MF59' is a component used in which vaccine?

Fluad influenza vaccine Signup and view all the answers

'Virus-like particles (VLPs)' belong to which category of adjuvants?

'Virus-like particles (VLPs)' are not an adjuvant Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about live vaccines is true?

They can cause reversion to virulence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of live vaccines over inactivated vaccines according to Table 11.2?

Long-term duration of immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically used as an experimental adjuvant according to the text?

Live virus purification Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes aluminum hydroxide a common adjuvant?

It enhances uptake by antigen-presenting cells. Signup and view all the answers

How are subunit vaccines like the HBV and HPV vaccines different from individual proteins?

They are more immunogenic Signup and view all the answers

Which process is involved in enhancing the immunogenicity of polysaccharides?

Chemical linkage to a protein carrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason behind preparing live vaccines with microbes limited in their ability to cause disease?

To mimic the natural immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue with live vaccines in relation to immunosuppressed individuals?

They may still pose a danger as the virus is weakened, not eliminated Signup and view all the answers

How are most inactivated annual influenza vaccines prepared?

From a mixture of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which protein carrier is mentioned in the text for enhancing the immunogenicity of polysaccharides?

Diphtheria toxoid Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response do live vaccines help develop?

Humoral and cellular immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Why are subunit proteins used in some vaccines like HPV and HBV instead of individual proteins?

Because subunit proteins form VLPs that are more immunogenic Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of alum in vaccine preparation mentioned in the text?

To enhance immunogenicity of polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to make polysaccharides into T-dependent antigens?

To increase their T-cell help Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus requires T-cell immune responses for resolution and is specifically mentioned in the text?

Enveloped virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method mentioned in the text to identify appropriate immunogens for vaccine development?

Analyzing antibody from survivors of infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a key prerequisite for developing vaccines against infectious agents?

Isolating the gene of the protective immunogen Signup and view all the answers

How can an effective vaccine program, as described in the text, be beneficial in terms of health care costs?

It can save millions of dollars by preventing infections Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used to eliminate natural smallpox as of 1977?

Combination of vaccination and quarantine Signup and view all the answers

Why do vaccine-preventable diseases still occur in some regions?

Misinformation and complacency Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is obtained when newborns receive maternal immunoglobulin through the placenta or breast milk?

Passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for injecting purified antibody, antibody-containing serum, or immune cells to provide temporary protection?

Passive immunization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunization occurs when an immune response is stimulated through exposure to an infectious agent or vaccine?

Active immunization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using passive immunization after a known exposure?

To prevent disease Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves therapeutic antibodies blocking autoimmune responses?

Passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

'Monoclonal antibody preparations are being developed for what purpose?'

'To block cytokine and cellular responses' Signup and view all the answers

'Which type of vaccines elicit an immune response on infection?'

'Live vaccines such as vaccinia' Signup and view all the answers

'What is the primary advantage of human immunoglobulin over animal immunoglobulin?'

'Reduced risk of hypersensitivity reactions' Signup and view all the answers

'Why are newer approaches like DNA or RNA vaccines used for immunization?'

'To avoid possible side effects from live vaccines' Signup and view all the answers

'Which diseases can be prevented using immune serum globulin preparations?'

'Botulism and Diphtheria' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a hybrid virus vaccine upon infection?

Promote expression of inserted gene to initiate an immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine showed modest but promising results when followed by two booster immunizations with recombinant HIV gp120 protein?

Canarypox human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difficulty faced in the development of genetically engineered subunit vaccines?

Identifying the appropriate subunit or peptide immunogen Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins have been generated in bacteria or eukaryotic cells for use as subunit vaccines?

G antigen of rabies and glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus Signup and view all the answers

How can the immunogenicity of peptide subunit vaccines be enhanced?

By attaching them to a carrier protein Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the immunogenicity and direct the response of vaccines to a TH1-type or TH2-type response apart from alum?

Flagellin Signup and view all the answers

How are DNA vaccines delivered into the recipient's body?

Delivery into muscle or skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of RNA vaccines?

They require booster shots with antigenic protein Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine offers great potential for tumor immunotherapy?

DNA vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What does reverse vaccinology involve?

Developing vaccines based on the genetic makeup of pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to prepare autologous activated DCs loaded with tumor antigens for immunotherapy?

Using the patient's own cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of including genes for immunoenhancing cytokines in RNA vaccines?

Boosting the potency of the vaccine. Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine elicits potent cellular immune responses and immune memory necessary for protection from measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?

MMR vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Why must the MMR vaccine be administered after 1 year of age?

To avoid maternal antibodies interference Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is used as a vector for inserting genes from infectious agents to create hybrid virus vaccines?

Vaccinia virus Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine induced more serious symptoms (atypical measles) when challenged with wild-type measles virus?

Live measles vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which age group should receive the high dose or adjuvanted influenza vaccine according to the text?

Adults over 65 years Signup and view all the answers

In which areas should children receive the live (oral) polio vaccine according to the text?

Epidemic areas Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of measles virus is currently used in the United States?

Moraten Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of developing new live vaccines using genetic engineering mutations as mentioned in the text?

To allow multiple agents in a single vaccine Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature are live attenuated influenza vaccines administered?

25° C Signup and view all the answers

Which age group should receive the varicella zoster vaccine with an adjuvanted gpE?

Adults over 60 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which group should receive the hepatitis B subunit (VLP) vaccine according to the text?

Newborns, health care workers, high-risk groups only Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rotavirus vaccine should be administered to infants according to the text?

Attenuated human-bovine hybrids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the BCG vaccine is not used in the United States?

It causes a false-positive skin reaction to the PPD test. Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to attenuate wild-type viruses in live virus vaccines?

Growth in animals at nonphysiological temperatures. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine replicates in the gastrointestinal tract but does not reach or infect neurons?

Polio vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for one of the current vaccines administered to protect infants against human rotavirus?

Mixture of genetic reassortant human and bovine rotaviruses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the live oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin?

It can spread to contacts of the immunized individual. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the IPV now used for routine immunizations instead of the OPV in most parts of the world?

It provides better protection against polio disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the HBV and HPV vaccines?

They form VLPs that are better immunogens than individual proteins. Signup and view all the answers

How were at least 57 mutations accumulated in the polio type 1 vaccine strain?

Multiple passages through monkey kidney tissue culture cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis?

It does not always offer protective immunity. Signup and view all the answers

Why are live bacterial vaccines especially important for some bacteria?

Because they require a combination of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

In which country is the BCG vaccine not used due to a false-positive skin reaction to the PPD test?

United States Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus vaccines consist of less virulent mutants or genetically engineered viruses?

Live virus vaccines Signup and view all the answers