Virus-Based Vaccines Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the benefit of memory immune responses for an immunized individual?

  • They are similar in speed and strength to an unimmunized individual
  • They do not provide any benefit
  • They are faster and stronger than for an unimmunized individual (correct)
  • They are slower and weaker than for an unimmunized individual
  • How does herd immunity contribute to protecting newborns and infants?

  • It has no impact on protecting newborns and infants
  • It increases the risk of diseases in newborns and infants
  • It reduces the number of susceptible hosts, indirectly protecting them (correct)
  • It directly vaccinates newborns and infants
  • Which of the following is NOT a goal achieved by national and international immunization programs mentioned in the text?

  • Reduction in cancer risk caused by HPV infections
  • Elimination of tuberculosis worldwide (correct)
  • Control of the spread of rubella, varicella zoster virus, and rotavirus
  • Protection from diphtheria, tetanus, and rabies
  • What additional measures, mentioned in the text, can be taken to prevent disease apart from immunization programs?

    <p>Water purification to eliminate the source of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial vaccine is recommended for children and adults to prevent tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani (tetanus) Toxoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should receive the Bordetella pertussis vaccine according to the information provided?

    <p>Children and adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial vaccine is specifically recommended for travelers to cholera epidemic areas?

    <p>Vibrio cholerae (cholera)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) vaccine?

    <p>Capsule polysaccharide-protein conjugate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial vaccine is specifically for sheep handlers and laboratory personnel working with Coxiella burnetii?

    <p>Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of components elicit a protective immune response in a subunit vaccine?

    <p>Surface structures of bacteria and viral attachment proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial vaccines protect against the pathogenic action of toxins mainly?

    <p>Toxoid bacterial vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial vaccines are currently available according to the information provided?

    <p>Surface components of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of preparing a rabies vaccine?

    <p>Killed cell preparation using chemical inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of the Bordetella pertussis vaccine?

    <p>Acellular pertussis components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between passive and active immunization?

    <p>The route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used to produce inactivated vaccines?

    <p>Live virus purification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response does inactivated vaccine usually generate?

    <p>TH2 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adjuvant used in vaccines?

    <p>Aluminum hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is associated with live vaccines?

    <p>Oral or respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are inactivated vaccines generally considered safe?

    <p>They cannot cause the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'MF59' is a component used in which vaccine?

    <p>Fluad influenza vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Virus-like particles (VLPs)' belong to which category of adjuvants?

    <p>'Virus-like particles (VLPs)' are not an adjuvant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about live vaccines is true?

    <p>They can cause reversion to virulence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of live vaccines over inactivated vaccines according to Table 11.2?

    <p>Long-term duration of immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically used as an experimental adjuvant according to the text?

    <p>Live virus purification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes aluminum hydroxide a common adjuvant?

    <p>It enhances uptake by antigen-presenting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are subunit vaccines like the HBV and HPV vaccines different from individual proteins?

    <p>They are more immunogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is involved in enhancing the immunogenicity of polysaccharides?

    <p>Chemical linkage to a protein carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind preparing live vaccines with microbes limited in their ability to cause disease?

    <p>To mimic the natural immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with live vaccines in relation to immunosuppressed individuals?

    <p>They may still pose a danger as the virus is weakened, not eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are most inactivated annual influenza vaccines prepared?

    <p>From a mixture of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein carrier is mentioned in the text for enhancing the immunogenicity of polysaccharides?

    <p>Diphtheria toxoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response do live vaccines help develop?

    <p><strong>Humoral</strong> and cellular immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are subunit proteins used in some vaccines like HPV and HBV instead of individual proteins?

    <p>Because subunit proteins form VLPs that are more immunogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alum in vaccine preparation mentioned in the text?

    <p>To enhance immunogenicity of polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to make polysaccharides into T-dependent antigens?

    <p>To increase their T-cell help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus requires T-cell immune responses for resolution and is specifically mentioned in the text?

    <p>Enveloped virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method mentioned in the text to identify appropriate immunogens for vaccine development?

    <p>Analyzing antibody from survivors of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key prerequisite for developing vaccines against infectious agents?

    <p>Isolating the gene of the protective immunogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an effective vaccine program, as described in the text, be beneficial in terms of health care costs?

    <p>It can save millions of dollars by preventing infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary method used to eliminate natural smallpox as of 1977?

    <p>Combination of vaccination and quarantine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do vaccine-preventable diseases still occur in some regions?

    <p>Misinformation and complacency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is obtained when newborns receive maternal immunoglobulin through the placenta or breast milk?

    <p>Passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for injecting purified antibody, antibody-containing serum, or immune cells to provide temporary protection?

    <p>Passive immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunization occurs when an immune response is stimulated through exposure to an infectious agent or vaccine?

    <p>Active immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using passive immunization after a known exposure?

    <p>To prevent disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves therapeutic antibodies blocking autoimmune responses?

    <p>Passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Monoclonal antibody preparations are being developed for what purpose?'

    <p>'To block cytokine and cellular responses'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Which type of vaccines elicit an immune response on infection?'

    <p>'Live vaccines such as vaccinia'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What is the primary advantage of human immunoglobulin over animal immunoglobulin?'

    <p>'Reduced risk of hypersensitivity reactions'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Why are newer approaches like DNA or RNA vaccines used for immunization?'

    <p>'To avoid possible side effects from live vaccines'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Which diseases can be prevented using immune serum globulin preparations?'

    <p>'Botulism and Diphtheria'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a hybrid virus vaccine upon infection?

    <p>Promote expression of inserted gene to initiate an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine showed modest but promising results when followed by two booster immunizations with recombinant HIV gp120 protein?

    <p>Canarypox human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difficulty faced in the development of genetically engineered subunit vaccines?

    <p>Identifying the appropriate subunit or peptide immunogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins have been generated in bacteria or eukaryotic cells for use as subunit vaccines?

    <p>G antigen of rabies and glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the immunogenicity of peptide subunit vaccines be enhanced?

    <p>By attaching them to a carrier protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can enhance the immunogenicity and direct the response of vaccines to a TH1-type or TH2-type response apart from alum?

    <p>Flagellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are DNA vaccines delivered into the recipient's body?

    <p>Delivery into muscle or skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of RNA vaccines?

    <p>They require booster shots with antigenic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine offers great potential for tumor immunotherapy?

    <p>DNA vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reverse vaccinology involve?

    <p>Developing vaccines based on the genetic makeup of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to prepare autologous activated DCs loaded with tumor antigens for immunotherapy?

    <p>Using the patient's own cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of including genes for immunoenhancing cytokines in RNA vaccines?

    <p>Boosting the potency of the vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine elicits potent cellular immune responses and immune memory necessary for protection from measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?

    <p>MMR vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must the MMR vaccine be administered after 1 year of age?

    <p>To avoid maternal antibodies interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is used as a vector for inserting genes from infectious agents to create hybrid virus vaccines?

    <p>Vaccinia virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine induced more serious symptoms (atypical measles) when challenged with wild-type measles virus?

    <p>Live measles vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group should receive the high dose or adjuvanted influenza vaccine according to the text?

    <p>Adults over 65 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which areas should children receive the live (oral) polio vaccine according to the text?

    <p>Epidemic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strain of measles virus is currently used in the United States?

    <p>Moraten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of developing new live vaccines using genetic engineering mutations as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To allow multiple agents in a single vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature are live attenuated influenza vaccines administered?

    <p>25° C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group should receive the varicella zoster vaccine with an adjuvanted gpE?

    <p>Adults over 60 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group should receive the hepatitis B subunit (VLP) vaccine according to the text?

    <p>Newborns, health care workers, high-risk groups only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rotavirus vaccine should be administered to infants according to the text?

    <p>Attenuated human-bovine hybrids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the BCG vaccine is not used in the United States?

    <p>It causes a false-positive skin reaction to the PPD test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to attenuate wild-type viruses in live virus vaccines?

    <p>Growth in animals at nonphysiological temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine replicates in the gastrointestinal tract but does not reach or infect neurons?

    <p>Polio vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for one of the current vaccines administered to protect infants against human rotavirus?

    <p>Mixture of genetic reassortant human and bovine rotaviruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the live oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin?

    <p>It can spread to contacts of the immunized individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the IPV now used for routine immunizations instead of the OPV in most parts of the world?

    <p>It provides better protection against polio disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the HBV and HPV vaccines?

    <p>They form VLPs that are better immunogens than individual proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were at least 57 mutations accumulated in the polio type 1 vaccine strain?

    <p>Multiple passages through monkey kidney tissue culture cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis?

    <p>It does not always offer protective immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are live bacterial vaccines especially important for some bacteria?

    <p>Because they require a combination of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country is the BCG vaccine not used due to a false-positive skin reaction to the PPD test?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus vaccines consist of less virulent mutants or genetically engineered viruses?

    <p>Live virus vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

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