16 Questions
What is the primary focus of Virtue Ethics?
The character of the person performing the action
What is the main principle of Utilitarianism?
The greatest good for the greatest number
What is the difference between Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill's views on Utilitarianism?
Bentham focused on quantity, while Mill focused on quality
What is the Latin word that Utilitarianism is derived from?
Utilis
What is the main difference between Hedonism and Utilitarianism?
Hedonism focuses on individual pleasure, while Utilitarianism focuses on collective pleasure
What is the main criticism of Egoism in relation to Utilitarianism?
Egoism prioritizes individual pleasure over collective pleasure
What is the main principle of the Filipino First Policy?
The common good for all Filipinos
What is the main difference between Consequentialism and Virtue Ethics?
Consequentialism focuses on the consequences of an action, while Virtue Ethics focuses on the intention behind the action
What is the primary concern of Virtue Ethics?
What kind of person should I be?
What is the Greek concept of 'Telos'?
The end goal or ultimate purpose
What is the meaning of 'Arete' in Greek philosophy?
The pursuit of excellence and mastery
How are virtues formed according to Virtue Ethics?
Through practice and habituation
What is the opposite of virtue in Virtue Ethics?
Vice
What is the primary characteristic of the virtuous man according to Aristotle?
Choosing to do what is good and right despite circumstances
What is the primary purpose of the National Patrimony principle in the Philippines?
To prioritize the interests of Filipino citizens
What is the restriction on foreign ownership of land in the Philippines?
Foreigners can only lease the land
Study Notes
Virtue Ethics
- Oldest ethical theory (350 B.C.)
- Concern: what kind of person should I be?
- Focus on self-reflection to know one's virtue and moral character
- Moral degradation results from abuse of power
Telos and Arete
- Telos: end goal (THE GOOD)
- All actions are dictated by Telos
- Arete: speak of excellence
- Greeks mastered natural medicine, sports, and democracy
- Excellence is not an act, but a habit that requires consistent practice
Formation of Virtues
- Virtue is an habit achieved through practice
- Must be practiced consistently every day and night
- Knowing it is not enough; it must be done
Vice and Human Nature
- Vice is the opposite of virtue
- Humans are not naturally good or evil
Aristotle's View
- The virtuous man chooses to do what is good and right despite circumstances
- They are content in life
Utilitarianism
Constitution and National Patrimony
- Constitution: basis of all laws
- National Patrimony: Filipinos must benefit first from natural and man-made resources
Filipino First Policy and Common Good
- 60% of business ownership must be Filipino, 40% foreign
- Foreigners cannot own education, mass media, advertising, or land
Utilitarianism (Consequentialism)
- Focus on consequences of actions
- Not dependent on objectives (Telos) and Virtue ethics
- Cause pleasure: good; cause pain: evil/bad
- If useful, then it is moral
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
- Jeremy Bentham: father of classical utilitarianism
- John Stuart Mill: student and friend of Jeremy Bentham
- Focus on quantitative and qualitative aspects of pleasure
Principles of Utility
- Act to produce the greatest good for the greatest number
- Majority and priority
Learn about the fundamentals of Virtue Ethics, including the concept of Telos and Arete, and how to form virtues through self-reflection and habituation.
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