Virtualization Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of utilizing hardware virtualization?

  • To create physical servers for each application.
  • To maximize hardware resource utilization and reduce costs. (correct)
  • To simplify networking configurations.
  • To increase the number of physical devices in use.

Which type of hypervisor runs directly on hardware?

  • Type 1 hypervisor (correct)
  • Cloud hypervisor
  • Hosted hypervisor
  • Type 2 hypervisor

What is a key benefit of using Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)?

  • Enhanced security and centralized management. (correct)
  • Increased need for physical hardware.
  • Limited remote access capabilities.
  • Decentralized desktop management.

Which technology is commonly associated with application virtualization?

<p>Microsoft App-V (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of storage virtualization?

<p>To combine physical storage resources into a unified pool. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virtualization type integrates data from multiple sources without data replication?

<p>Data Virtualization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does operating system-level virtualization accomplish?

<p>Packages applications into lightweight containers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virtualization involves delivering IT resources as services?

<p>Cloud Virtualization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of Centralized Version Control Systems (CVCS)?

<p>Vulnerability to server failures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to create a new branch in Git?

<p>git branch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a DNS server?

<p>Map domain names to IP addresses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of network topology is characterized by a central hub?

<p>Star topology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does a firewall serve in network security?

<p>Monitors and controls incoming/outgoing network traffic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Distributed Version Control Systems (DVCS)?

<p>Every developer has a full copy of the repository (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of malware is designed to collect user data without consent?

<p>Spyware (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transmission medium is known for its high speed and long-distance capabilities?

<p>Fiber Optics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common weakness of Local Version Control Systems (LVCS)?

<p>No support for team collaboration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a Virtual Private Network (VPN) enhance user privacy?

<p>Masks the user's IP address (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a feature of the OSI model?

<p>Domain name resolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is primarily used for sending emails?

<p>SMTP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Ransomware among malware types?

<p>Encrypts files and demands payment for decryption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important practice for maintaining cybersecurity?

<p>Regularly update software to fix vulnerabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of moral rights in software development?

<p>Protecting the personal connection between creators and their work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rights allows for the control over reproduction and distribution of software?

<p>Economic Rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge associated with obtaining patents in software?

<p>Complexity of the process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the GPL license influence proprietary software compatibility?

<p>It ensures perpetual openness and limits compatibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical clause found in software licenses?

<p>Market Analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of open-source licenses enables revenue generation?

<p>Public access to the source code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a strong copyleft license, like the GPL, require from modifications?

<p>Modifications must remain free and under the same license (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'trade secrets' imply in the context of software protection?

<p>Offers indefinite protection without registration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an overemphasis on economic rights have on accessibility?

<p>It may hinder accessibility to software (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following open-source licenses grants patent rights?

<p>Apache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'Limitation of Liability' clause in a software license?

<p>To limit the owner's financial responsibilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of software licenses, what does the termination clause address?

<p>Conditions under which the license may be terminated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do policymakers and stakeholders play in the evolving landscape of IP laws?

<p>They need to adapt frameworks to meet changing technologies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hardware Virtualization

Multiple virtual machines (VMs) run on one physical server, improving resource use and reducing costs.

Hypervisor (Type 1)

A hypervisor that runs directly on the computer's hardware, controlling virtual machines.

Desktop Virtualization

Separating the desktop environment from physical devices for remote access.

Application Virtualization

Running applications in different environments without needing local installs.

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Network Virtualization

Creating network resources as software services, offering flexibility and scalability.

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Storage Virtualization

Combining physical storage into one pool for efficient management and use.

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Data Virtualization

Integrating data from multiple sources without replicating them for unified data access.

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Containerization (Operating System-level)

Packaging apps and dependencies into lightweight containers that share the host OS kernel.

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Moral Rights in Software

Rights that emphasize the personal connection between creators and their software, including authorship claims and protection against damaging modifications.

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Economic Rights in Software

Rights that allow commercial exploitation of software through reproduction, distribution, and licensing, enabling revenue generation.

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Copyright in Software

Protection for the code, structure, and organization of software, preventing unauthorized copying or modification.

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Patent in Software

Protection for novel ideas, algorithms, or methods embedded in software, granting exclusive commercial rights for up to 20 years.

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Trade Secret in Software

Protection for proprietary techniques or algorithms kept confidential, providing indefinite protection without registration.

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Open Source Software

Software with publicly accessible source code for modification and distribution, often with a license.

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Balancing Moral and Economic Rights

Striking a balance between protecting creators' rights and encouraging innovation and accessibility in software.

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Software License

An agreement defining the rights and restrictions for using software.

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Grant of License

Specifies the terms of usage, including type (perpetual or subscription), exclusivity, and territorial restrictions.

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Permitted Uses of Software

Defines acceptable usage, such as personal, educational, or commercial purposes, often with restrictions on distribution or modification.

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Restrictions and Prohibitions in Licenses

Prohibits actions like reverse engineering, unauthorized sharing of credentials, and other limitations.

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Intellectual Property Rights in Licenses

Asserts the licensor's ownership of the software's intellectual property, prohibiting alteration of copyright notices or labels.

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Support and Maintenance in Licenses

Details the availability of updates, patches, and technical support, specifying whether they are included in the license.

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Limitation of Liability in Licenses

Limits the licensor's responsibility for software failures or damages, often capped at the purchase price.

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GPL License

Strong copyleft license requiring sharing of modified software under the same terms, promoting open source and collaboration.

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Version Control System (VCS)

A tool that tracks changes to code or files over time. It helps you collaborate, revert to previous versions, and manage contributions.

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Local Version Control System (LVCS)

A VCS that stores changes only on your local computer. No central server is used.

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Centralized Version Control System (CVCS)

A VCS with a single server where everyone's code is stored. All changes are pushed to this central location.

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Git

A widely used, distributed version control system known for its efficiency and flexibility.

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git init

Initializes an empty Git repository in a directory. It marks it as a Git project.

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git clone

Copies an existing Git repository, including all its history and files, to your local machine.

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git add

Stages changes to specific files, preparing them to be committed.

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git commit

Saves changes to the repository, creating a snapshot of the current state of the project.

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git branch

Creates a new branch in your repository, allowing you to work on a new feature or experiment without affecting the main codebase.

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git checkout

Switches between different branches in your repository.

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git merge

Combines changes from one branch into another, integrating different lines of development.

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git push

Uploads local changes to a remote repository, sharing them with other collaborators.

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git pull

Downloads updates from a remote repository, ensuring your local copy is up-to-date.

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LAN (Local Area Network)

A network that connects devices within a small area, such as an office or home.

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WAN (Wide Area Network)

A network that connects devices over a large geographical area, spanning cities or countries.

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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A network that connects devices within a city or metropolitan area, larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.

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Twisted Pair Cables

Commonly used in LANs for transmitting data, consisting of pairs of insulated wires twisted together to reduce interference.

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Coaxial Cables

Cables with a central conductor surrounded by an insulator and a braided shield, providing better shielding than twisted pairs.

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Fiber Optics

Cables that transmit data using light pulses, offering high speeds and long distances.

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Radio Waves

Used in wireless networks like WLANs and Bluetooth, sending data through the air.

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Microwaves

Used for point-to-point communication over long distances, often used in satellite communication.

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Infrared

Used for short-range communication, like between devices in a room, requires line-of-sight.

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Satellites

Orbiting objects used to relay communication signals, ideal for remote areas and global broadcasting.

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OSI Model

A layered model that describes the different functions involved in communication between two devices.

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Internet Model

A simplified version of the OSI Model, focusing on four layers essential for internet communication.

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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

A reliable protocol that provides error checking and guarantees that data is delivered in the correct order.

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UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

A faster protocol for sending data that doesn't guarantee delivery or order, suitable for applications where speed is more important than reliability.

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IP (Internet Protocol)

The foundation of internet communication, responsible for addressing and routing packets.

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DNS (Domain Name System)

A system that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses.

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Web Server

A server that delivers web pages and other content to web browsers.

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Mail Server

A server that handles email communication, sending and receiving emails.

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File Server

A server that stores and shares files across a network.

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Database Server

A server that stores and manages large amounts of data, allowing users to access and manipulate the information.

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Application Server

A server that runs business logic and provides application services.

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Proxy Server

A server that acts as an intermediary between user requests and the internet, improving security and network performance.

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Bus Topology

Network configuration where all devices are connected to a single shared cable.

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Star Topology

Network configuration with all devices connected to a central hub.

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Mesh Topology

Network configuration where each device has a direct connection to every other device.

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Firewall

A security system that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic, blocking unauthorized access to your network.

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Encryption

The process of converting data into an unreadable format to prevent unauthorized access.

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Intrusion Detection System

A system that monitors your network for suspicious activity and alerts you to potential security threats.

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VPN (Virtual Private Network)

A secure connection that encrypts data and routes it through a private network, enhancing privacy and security.

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Virus

Malware that attaches to files and needs user action to spread.

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Worm

Malware that can spread independently, exploiting vulnerabilities on a network.

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Trojan

Malware disguised as legitimate software, granting unauthorized access to a system.

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Spyware

Malware that secretly collects user data, such as keystrokes or browsing history.

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Adware

Malware that displays intrusive ads, often bundled with free software.

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Ransomware

Malware that encrypts files and demands payment to unlock them.

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Rootkit

Malware designed to hide itself and other malware, making detection difficult.

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Botnet

A network of infected devices controlled by a malicious actor, used for coordinated attacks.

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Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

A security measure that requires two forms of authentication, adding extra security beyond passwords.

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Strong Passwords

Passwords that are complex, unique, and not reused across different accounts.

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Software Updates

Regularly updating software to patch vulnerabilities and fix security flaws.

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Safe Browsing

Practicing caution when browsing the internet, verifying websites and avoiding clicking suspicious links.

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Backups

Regularly copying data to another location, allowing you to recover data in case of data loss.

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Antivirus Software

Software that detects and removes malware from your computer.

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Public Wi-Fi Caution

Avoiding sensitive actions on public Wi-Fi networks and using VPNs when necessary.

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Intellectual Property (IP) Rights

Legal safeguards protecting creators' rights to their innovations, ensuring they benefit from their work.

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Study Notes

Hardware Virtualization

  • Allows running multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical server.
  • Maximizes hardware resource utilization and reduces costs.
  • Managed by hypervisors (e.g., VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, Xen).
  • Type 1 (Bare-metal): Runs directly on hardware.
  • Type 2 (Hosted): Runs on an operating system.
  • Uses include disaster recovery, workload consolidation, and application testing.

Desktop Virtualization

  • Decouples desktop environment from physical devices, enabling remote access.
  • Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI): Centralizes desktop management, enhances security, and reduces hardware dependence.
  • Used in remote work environments and flexible working organizations.

Application Virtualization

  • Packages applications for diverse environments without local installations.
  • Technologies like Microsoft App-V and VMware ThinApp improve compatibility, deployment, and reduce conflicts.
  • Useful for diverse devices and frequent application updates.

Network Virtualization

  • Abstracts network resources and delivers as software services.
  • Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV): Provide scalability, security, and flexible management.
  • Enables efficient traffic management and dynamic responses.

Storage Virtualization

  • Combines physical storage resources into a unified pool for better management.
  • Supports technologies like SAN (Storage Area Network) and NAS (Network Attached Storage) for optimal data availability and disaster recovery.
  • Improves resource allocation and data migration efficiency.

Data Virtualization

  • Integrates data from multiple sources without replication, providing a unified data view.
  • Improves data accessibility and integration for decision-making.
  • Technologies (e.g., Denodo, IBM Data Virtualization Manager) facilitate seamless data access across platforms.

Operating System-level Virtualization (Containerization)

  • Packages apps and dependencies into lightweight containers, sharing the host OS kernel.
  • Technologies like Docker and Kubernetes enable efficient, scalable cloud-native applications and microservices.
  • Ideal for rapid development, testing, and deployment.

Cloud Virtualization

  • Combines virtualization types to provide IT resources as services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).
  • Cloud providers use virtualization for dynamic resource provisioning and scaling.
  • Supports hybrid and multi-cloud strategies for improved redundancy and flexibility.

Version Control

  • Manages and tracks changes in code or files over time.
  • Used for collaboration, rollback, and managing multiple contributors.

Types of VCS

  • Local Version Control Systems (LVCS): Tracks changes locally (e.g., RCS). Weak: lacks teamwork.
  • Centralized Version Control Systems (CVCS): One central server stores the codebase (e.g., SVN, CVS). Weak: single point of failure.
  • Distributed Version Control Systems (DVCS): Each developer has a full repository copy (e.g., Git, Mercurial). Advantage: no central server dependency.
  • Basic Git Commands: git init, git clone, git add, git commit, git branch, git checkout, git merge, git push, git pull. Resolving conflicts by fixing changes and using git add and git commit.

Key Advantages of Git

  • Fast and decentralized.
  • Efficient branching and merging.
  • Widely used with tools like GitHub and GitLab.

Types of Computer Networks

  • LAN: Small area (offices, schools).
  • WAN: Connects devices across cities/countries.
  • MAN: Covers cities/campuses (larger than LAN, smaller than WAN).
  • PAN: Connects personal devices (e.g., Bluetooth).
  • Enterprise Private Networks: Secure communication within organizations.

Transmission Mediums

  • Wired: Twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optics.
  • Wireless: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, satellites.

OSI vs. Internet Model

  • OSI Model vs Internet Model - layers detailed above

Common Servers

  • Web servers, mail servers, file servers, database servers, application servers, DNS servers, proxy servers.

Network Topologies

  • Bus, star, mesh, hybrid.

Security Measures

  • Firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection, wireless network security (WPA), regular audits.

Important Protocols

  • HTTP/HTTPS (web browsing), SMTP/IMAP/POP3 (email), TCP/UDP (reliable/unreliable transport), IP (addressing/routing), DNS (domain resolution).

Types of Malware

  • Virus, worm, Trojan, spyware, adware, ransomware, rootkit, botnet.

General Cybersecurity Rules

  • Strong passwords, two-factor authentication (2FA), software updates, safe browsing, backups, antivirus software, public Wi-Fi caution, awareness.

Role of VPNs

  • Encryption, privacy (masking IP), secure remote access, bypassing censorship, trust and compliance, scalability.

Moral and Economic IP Rights

  • Intellectual Property (IP) protects creators' moral and economic interests in software.

Moral Rights

  • Author’s claim and protection against modifications damaging their reputation.

Economic Rights

  • Control over reproduction, distribution, and licensing, enabling revenue generation.

Forms of IP Protection

  • Copyright: Protects code, structure, sequence and organization, crucial for economic interests.
  • Patents: Cover novel ideas, algorithms (exclusive commercial rights, complexities and monopolies).
  • Trade Secrets: Protects proprietary techniques indefinitely (requires strict confidentiality).
  • Open Source: Public access to source code (revenue via donations, support services, sponsorships, and preserves authorship).

Balancing Moral and Economic Rights

  • Balancing economic and moral IP rights is essential for fostering innovation, accessibility, and sustainable software ecosystems.

Typical Statements in Software Licenses

  • Grant of License (type, exclusivity, territory).
  • Permitted Uses (personal, commercial).
  • Restrictions & Prohibitions (reverse engineering, unauthorized sharing).
  • Intellectual Property Rights (ownership assertion).
  • Support & Maintenance (updates, patches, support).
  • Limitation of Liability (limiting responsibility).
  • Warranties & Disclaimers ("as is" with limited warranty).
  • Termination Clause (conditions for termination).
  • Governing Law (legal jurisdiction).
  • General Provisions (assignment, entire agreement, amendment requirements).

Comparison of Open Source Licenses

  • GPL: Ensures perpetual openness, but may limit compatibility with proprietary software.
  • BSD/MIT: Permissive, ideal for integration with proprietary projects.
  • Apache: Permissive with strong patent protection, fosters collaboration.

Impact of Licensing Choice

  • Impacts project adoption, collaboration, community dynamics, and legal obligations, aligning with project goals.

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Description

This quiz explores various types of virtualization including hardware, desktop, and application virtualization. Understand how these technologies enhance resource utilization, enable remote access, and improve application management. Perfect for those interested in IT infrastructure and modern computing solutions.

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