Virtual Switch and vNIC in Virtualization
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Questions and Answers

Which organization created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model to standardize network connectivity?

  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
  • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (correct)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    • The OSI model has __ layers.

    7

    Changing a network protocol at one layer in the OSI model will impact the other layers.

    False

    What is the purpose of the OSI model in network communications?

    <p>To standardize network connectivity and facilitate interoperability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for encryption/decryption, translation, and compression/decompression?

    <p>Presentation Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Transport layer (layer 4) is where TCP/IP operates.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Data Link layer (layer 2) in the OSI model?

    <p>Static addressing of hosts and framing data for transmission on the Physical layer or media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ layer (layer 3) is responsible for the logical numbering of hosts and networks.

    <p>Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is responsible for all data delivery and has all the bells and whistles for a developer?

    <p>TCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TCP is slower than UDP.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TCP stand for?

    <p>Transmission Control Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum transmission unit for Ethernet is ______ bytes.

    <p>1500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the LLC layer in the Data Link layer?

    <p>communicating with the Network layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the MAC layer in the Data Link layer?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MAC layer saves CPU cycles by processing checks independently from the CPU and the operating system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ field is responsible for carrying the protocol number for which traffic is destined.

    <p>Ethernet type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their responsibilities:

    <p>MAC address = Physical source of data Data Link layer = Divided into LLC and MAC layers UDP = Connectionless transport protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of MPLS in a network?

    <p>Add labels to packets for efficient packet-switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MPLS is considered to be a layer 2.5 protocol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SDWAN stand for?

    <p>Software-defined wide area network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is used to create a virtual tunnel over the Internet or an internetwork.

    <p>Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the networking component with its description:

    <p>CSU/DSU = Device that converts serialized data such as T1 and ISDN to a serial protocol compatible with routers Virtual Switch (vSwitch) = Built-in component in a hypervisor that functions like a physical switch Smart Jack = Diagnostic point for the provider, replaces electromechanical jacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate how many connections are needed to achieve a full mesh between four switches?

    <p>6 ÷ 2 = 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about bus networks?

    <p>A failure on the bus affects all computers on the bus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A WAN is always faster than LAN speeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______________ is a network reserved for storage access.

    <p>Storage Area Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a virtual network interface card (vNIC)?

    <p>To communicate between the VM and the virtual switch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique features does the VMware VMXNET3 NIC support?

    <p>IPv6 TCP segment offloading (TSO), direct paths into the hypervisor's I/O bus for performance, and 10 Gbps data rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Virtual firewalls installed as virtual machines can benefit from the fault tolerance of the entire virtualization cluster.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a virtual router offered by Cisco and supported by cloud providers such as Amazon and Microsoft Azure.

    <p>Cisco Cloud Services Router (CSR) 1000v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following service types with their descriptions:

    <p>Leased-Line = Traditional service type providing dedicated connection ISDN = Integrated Services Digital Network for voice and data DSL = Uses copper phone lines for data and voice transmission OC3-OC1920 = Optical carrier services delivered over fiber-optic cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main media types used for wiring a network?

    <p>Copper cabling and fiber-optic cabling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cabling is the most common for Ethernet networks today?

    <p>Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coaxial cable is still commonly used for Ethernet communications on the LAN.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    STP cables should be used in settings where ______ can induce erroneous data into the cable.

    <p>electromagnetic interference (EMI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the download speed of Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)?

    <p>1.5 Mbps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SDSL is more expensive than leased lines.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does VDSL stand for?

    <p>Very-high-bitrate Digital Subscriber Line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Broadband cable operates on a specification called Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (________).

    <p>DOCSIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terminologies with their descriptions:

    <p>Fiber-optic cable = Provides extremely fast connectivity for long distances Copper cable = Used for leased lines, broadband cable, DSL, and dial-up services Wireless transmission = Used when cabling cannot be accomplished or is too expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Domain 1.0: Networking Fundamentals

    OSI Model

    • The OSI model is a 7-layered framework for network communication
    • Created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to standardize network connectivity between applications, devices, and protocols
    • Allows for interoperability between different vendors
    • Divides a complex communication process into smaller pieces to assist with design, development, and troubleshooting

    OSI Model Layers

    Application Layer (Layer 7)

    • Provides the user interface to the user and often the beginning of the communication process
    • Defines the role of the application, as either a client or server
    • Examples of application layer events:
      • Sending email
      • Remote access
      • File transfer
      • Instant messenger
      • VoIP calls

    Presentation Layer (Layer 6)

    • Presents data to the Application layer
    • Responsible for:
      • Encryption/decryption
      • Translation
      • Compression/decompression
    • Examples of translation services:
      • Converting Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) data to American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
      • Converting ASCII to Unicode
    • Examples of compression and decompression:
      • MP3 to network streaming protocols
      • H.264 video to streaming protocols
      • JPEG, GIF, PICT, and TIFF image formats

    Session Layer (Layer 5)

    • Responsible for the setup, management, and teardown of a session between two computers
    • Dialogue control:
      • Half-duplex: two-way communication where only one side can communicate at a time
      • Full-duplex: two-way communication where both sides can communicate simultaneously
      • Simplex: one-way communication

    Transport Layer (Layer 4)

    • First layer responsible for maintaining network communication
    • Protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
    • Operating system presents the application with a socket to communicate with on the network
    • Port numbers:
      • Server application binds to a port
      • Client application dynamically allocates a port number above 1023

    Other Networking Concepts

    Network Topologies and Types

    • Mesh
    • Star/hub-and-spoke
    • Bus
    • Ring
    • Hybrid
    • Network types:
      • Peer-to-peer
      • Client-server
      • LAN
      • MAN
      • WAN
      • WLAN
      • PAN
      • CAN
      • SAN
      • SDWAN
      • MPLS
      • mGRE

    Cables and Connectors

    • Copper:
      • Twisted pair (Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6a, Cat 7, Cat 8)
      • Coaxial (RG-6)
      • Twinaxial
    • Fiber:
      • Single-mode
      • Multimode
    • Connector types:
      • Local connector (LC)
      • Straight tip (ST)
      • Subscriber connector (SC)
      • Mechanical transfer (MT)
      • Registered jack (RJ)
    • Transceivers/media converters:
      • Small form-factor pluggable (SFP)
      • Enhanced form-factor pluggable (SFP+)
      • Quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP)
      • Enhanced quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP+)

    IP Addressing and Subnetting

    • IPv4 vs. IPv6
    • Private vs. public addresses
    • Network address translation (NAT) and port address translation (PAT)
    • Subnetting:
      • Classless (variable-length subnet mask)
      • Classful (A, B, C, D, E)

    Network Services

    • DHCP:
      • Scope
      • Exclusion ranges
      • Reservation
      • Dynamic assignment
      • Static assignment
      • Lease time
      • Scope options
    • DNS:
      • Record types (A, CNAME, MX, AAAA, SOA, PTR, TXT, SRV, NS)
      • Global hierarchy (root DNS servers, internal vs. external)
      • Zone transfers
      • Authoritative name servers
      • Time to live (TTL)
      • DNS caching
      • Reverse DNS/reverse lookup/forward lookup
      • Recursive lookup/iterative lookup

    Corporate and Datacenter Network Architecture

    • Three-tiered architecture:
      • Core
      • Distribution/aggregation layer
      • Access/edge
    • Software-defined networking:
      • Application layer
      • Control layer
      • Infrastructure layer
      • Management plane
    • Spine and leaf architecture
    • Traffic flows:
      • North-South
      • East-West
    • Branch office vs. on-premises datacenter vs. colocation
    • Storage area networks (SANs)
      • Connection types (FCoE, Fibre Channel, iSCSI)

    Cloud Concepts and Connectivity Options

    • Deployment models:
      • Public
      • Private
      • Hybrid
      • Community
    • Service models:
      • SaaS
      • IaaS
      • PaaS
      • DaaS
    • Infrastructure as code:
      • Automation/orchestration
    • Connectivity options:
      • VPN
      • Private-direct connection to cloud provider
    • Multitenancy
    • Elasticity
    • Scalability
    • Security implications### Transport Layer
    • The client binds to port numbers 1024, 1025, and 1026 to send requests to the web server on port 80.
    • The web server responds with the source port number 80 to the destination port numbers 1024, 1025, and 1026 on the client.
    • The client then passes the data to the web page via the incoming data on the respective port number.
    • Once the client receives the information, both the client and server close the session for the port and the port can be recycled.

    UDP and TCP

    • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a transport protocol for TCP/IP that is connectionless, meaning it does not guarantee delivery of data.
    • UDP is faster than TCP but lacks reliability features.
    • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport protocol for TCP/IP that is connection-oriented, guaranteeing delivery of data.
    • TCP is slower than UDP but provides reliability features such as sequencing, acknowledgment, and retransmission.

    Network Layer

    • The Network layer (layer 3) is responsible for logical numbering of hosts and networks.
    • The Network layer is also responsible for transporting data between networks through the process of routing.
    • Routers operate at the Network layer to facilitate the movement of packets between networks.
    • IP (Internet Protocol) is a Network layer protocol that allows for logical addressing of networks and hosts.
    • IP addresses are used to route packets to the appropriate destination.
    • The Data Link layer (layer 2) is responsible for framing of data for transmission on the Physical layer.
    • The Data Link layer is also responsible for static addressing of hosts using MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.
    • MAC addresses are preprogrammed into network cards and network interfaces.
    • The Data Link layer is only concerned with local delivery of frames in the same immediate network.
    • Switches operate at the Data Link layer, switching frames between networks.

    Physical Layer

    • The Physical layer is responsible for transmitting the data as 1s and 0s that is passed down from the Data Link layer.
    • The Physical layer is an integral component of many different types of transmission methods such as wireless, fiber optics, and Ethernet.

    Protocol Data Units (PDUs)

    • PDUs are used to describe the type of data transferred at each layer of the OSI model.
    • The layers of the OSI model and their corresponding PDUs are:
      • Application, Presentation, and Session layers: user datagrams (datagrams)
      • Transport layer: segments
      • Network layer: packets
      • Data Link layer: frames
      • Physical layer: bits

    Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation

    • Data encapsulation is the process of passing a PDU down to the next layer in the protocol stack, adding information to the PDU header or type field.
    • Data decapsulation is the process of passing the payload (data) up to the next layer in the protocol stack, reading the information from the PDU header or type field.
    • Encapsulation and decapsulation occur at each layer of the OSI model, with each layer adding or removing information from the PDU.

    IP Packet Header

    • The IP packet header contains fields such as:
      • Version (4 bits): indicates the version of IP (IPv4 or IPv6)
      • Priority and type of service (ToS) (8 bits): used for quality of service (QoS)
      • Time to live (TTL) (8 bits): used for routing to prevent endless routing
      • Protocol (8 bits): defines where to send the data next (UDP, TCP, ICMP, etc.)
      • Source and destination IP addresses (32 bits each): used for routing to the destination computer and responding to the destination computer.### Network Fundamentals
    • The data being transferred is also known as the payload of the frame.
    • The MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for Ethernet is 1500 bytes.
    • The MTU can be increased to 9000 bytes, which is considered a jumbo frame.
    • The MTU is a constraint on the Network layer, but it's usually adjustable only at the Data Link layer.

    OSI Model

    • The OSI model has 7 layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
    • Each layer has a specific function:
      • Application layer: defines applications and services
      • Presentation layer: converts data formats, encrypts and decrypts, and compresses data
      • Session layer: sets up, maintains, and tears down communications
      • Transport layer: responsible for flow control and error detection
      • Network layer: assigns and routes network and host addresses
      • Data Link layer: frames data for transmission
      • Physical layer: transmits data via physical media

    Protocol Data Units (PDUs)

    • PDUs are used to describe payloads of data at each layer of the OSI model.
    • PDUs help network professionals avoid miscommunication and clarify the data being transmitted.

    Encapsulation and Decapsulation

    • Encapsulation: the process of passing data down the protocol stack, adding headers and trailers at each layer.
    • Decapsulation: the reverse process of encapsulation, removing headers and trailers at each layer.

    TCP and UDP

    • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-based protocol that uses SYN and ACK flags to establish a virtual communication circuit.
    • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that uses a simple, 8-byte header.
    • Both TCP and UDP use port numbers to direct information to the destination service.

    Network Topologies

    • There are two main types of topologies: physical and logical.
    • Physical topology defines the physical connections between devices.
    • Logical topology defines how the data flows through the network.

    Wired Topologies

    • Star topology: all devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
    • Ring topology: devices are connected in a circular configuration, with data passing around the ring.
    • Mesh topology: each device is connected to every other device, providing redundant connections.
    • Bus topology: a legacy topology that used coaxial cables and is now considered deprecated.

    Hybrid Topology

    • A hybrid topology combines multiple topologies for resiliency, load balancing, and connectivity.

    Network Types

    • LAN (Local Area Network): a company's internal network, locally managed and optimized for speed.
    • WAN (Wide Area Network): a network that interconnects multiple locations, often over a wide area.
    • WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): a wireless extension of a LAN.
    • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): a type of WAN that connects multiple locations within a defined geographical area.
    • CAN (Campus Area Network): a network that connects multiple buildings or LANs, locally managed.
    • SAN (Storage Area Network): a dedicated network for storage access, often using Fibre Channel technology.
    • PAN (Personal Area Network): a small network for personal use, often using Bluetooth or other wireless technologies.

    Other Network Technologies

    • MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching): an emerging WAN technology that uses packet-switching and labeling.

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    Related Documents

    Networking chapter 1.pdf

    Description

    Learn about virtual switch's functionality, its role in low latency switching, and how virtual NIC (vNIC) works in a virtualized environment.

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