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Questions and Answers
Viruses are considered non-cellular entities because they lack:
Viruses are considered non-cellular entities because they lack:
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- The capability to infect host cells.
- A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (correct)
- The ability to evolve over time.
How does the electron microscope significantly contribute to the study of viruses?
How does the electron microscope significantly contribute to the study of viruses?
- It facilitates the culture and growth of viruses in a laboratory setting.
- It enables the visualization of viral structures at a high resolution. (correct)
- It allows for the observation of viral metabolic processes in real-time.
- It helps in the identification of viral genetic mutations.
Which of the following distinguishes a latent viral infection from a chronic viral infection?
Which of the following distinguishes a latent viral infection from a chronic viral infection?
- Latent infections only affect animals, while chronic infections only affect humans.
- Latent infections cannot be treated with antiviral drugs, while chronic infections can be cured.
- Latent infections always cause immediate and severe symptoms, while chronic infections are asymptomatic.
- Latent infections involve a period of inactivity followed by reactivation, while a chronic infection involves continuous viral replication. (correct)
How does the replication of RNA viruses typically differ from that of DNA viruses within a host cell?
How does the replication of RNA viruses typically differ from that of DNA viruses within a host cell?
What is the primary function of the envelope proteins (spikes) on a virus?
What is the primary function of the envelope proteins (spikes) on a virus?
In the context of viral replication in animal cells, what occurs during the 'uncoating' stage?
In the context of viral replication in animal cells, what occurs during the 'uncoating' stage?
Which of the following describes a common method of viral transmission?
Which of the following describes a common method of viral transmission?
During the burst phase of a viral growth curve, what occurs?
During the burst phase of a viral growth curve, what occurs?
How do rapid mutations assist viruses like HIV in evading the immune system?
How do rapid mutations assist viruses like HIV in evading the immune system?
What is the likely long-term consequence of a persistent HIV infection on the host's immune system?
What is the likely long-term consequence of a persistent HIV infection on the host's immune system?
Flashcards
Why are viruses non-cellular?
Why are viruses non-cellular?
Viruses lack cellular organelles and are not capable of independent reproduction.
Capsid and envelope roles
Capsid and envelope roles
The capsid protects the viral genome, while the envelope aids in attachment and entry into the host cell.
Significance of electron microscope
Significance of electron microscope
Electron microscopes allow for the visualization of viruses due to their small size.
Latent vs. chronic infections
Latent vs. chronic infections
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HIV chronic persistence
HIV chronic persistence
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Eclipse vs. Burst Phase
Eclipse vs. Burst Phase
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HIV to AIDS progression factors
HIV to AIDS progression factors
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What is "burst size"?
What is "burst size"?
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Viral immune response alteration
Viral immune response alteration
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Mutation and chronic infections
Mutation and chronic infections
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Study Notes
- Viruses are classified as "non-cellular" entities given they lack the characteristics of life such as a cellular structure.
- Capsid and envelope are the structures of a virus
- The electron microscope's invention significantly advanced the study of viruses
- Latent infection differs from chronic infection in viruses, where latent shows no active replication while chronic has continuous replication.
- RNA viruses replicate differently in host cells compared to DNA viruses due to enzymatic and mechanistic differences.
- Examples of the main types of RNA viruses include:
- Picornaviruses (e.g., Poliovirus)
- Togaviruses (e.g., Rubella virus)
- Flaviviruses (e.g., Zika virus)
- Coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2)
- Retroviruses (e.g., HIV).
- Envelope proteins (spikes) on viruses mediate attachment to host cells to facilitate entry.
Virology
- Key events and figures are involved in the discovery and development of virology.
- Viral replication in animal cells involves stages such as:
- Attachment
- Penetration
- Uncoating
- Biosynthesis
- Maturation
- Release
- Different methods of viral transmission exist like:
- Air droplets (influenza)
- Direct contact (herpes simplex virus)
- Vectors (dengue virus)
- Viruses exist on the border between living and non-living entities, shown by their need for a host to replicate.
Viral Structure
- A typical virus contains:
- Capsid
- Genome
- Envelope (if applicable)
- Envelope proteins (spikes)
HIV Persistence
- HIV maintains chronic persistence within a host by infecting immune cells and using mechanisms to evade immune detection.
- Eclipse phase differs from the burst phase in a viral growth curve, where eclipse is the period after infection but before new virions appear, and burst is when virions are released.
- Factors contributing to AIDS progression from HIV include:
- Viral load
- Immune dysfunction
- Coinfections
Burst Size
- Burst size defines the average number of virions released from a single infected cell, and is key to understanding viral replication efficiency.
- In chronic viral infections like HIV and hepatitis C, viruses alter immune response to maintain persistence.
HIV Immune Response
- HIV avoids immune detection and maintains chronic persistence through mechanisms explored.
- Contrast chronic viral infections (like HIV and hepatitis C) with acute, regarding the viral growth cycle and immune system response.
- The viral growth curve phases:
- Inoculation
- Eclipse
- Burst
- Phases differ from bacterial growth curves, that have lag, log, stationary, and death phases.
Mutation
- Mutation maintains chronic viral infections, with rapid HIV mutations assisting viruses to evade the immune system.
- Persistent infections like HIV affect the immune system over time, leading to long-term consequences for the host.
Bacteriophage Multiplication
- One-step multiplication curve for a bacteriophage population includes:
- Inoculation
- Eclipse
- Burst phases
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