Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle?
What is a plaque assay used for?
What is a plaque assay used for?
Which type of virus has a double-stranded RNA genome?
Which type of virus has a double-stranded RNA genome?
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a viral outcome?
Which of the following is a viral outcome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the DNA molecule used to carry a specific DNA segment into a host cell?
What is the name of the DNA molecule used to carry a specific DNA segment into a host cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the virus that causes the common cold?
What is the name of the virus that causes the common cold?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of HIV?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the decline in AIDS-related deaths worldwide?
What is the primary reason for the decline in AIDS-related deaths worldwide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the 'Little Girl in Mississippi' case?
What is the significance of the 'Little Girl in Mississippi' case?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary target for drugs that inhibit HIV replication?
What is the primary target for drugs that inhibit HIV replication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a route of transmission for HIV?
Which of the following is NOT a route of transmission for HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of 'Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)' in HIV prevention?
What is the role of 'Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)' in HIV prevention?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common type of HIV?
What is the most common type of HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an opportunistic infection associated with HIV?
Which of the following is an opportunistic infection associated with HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the 'Timothy Ray Brown' case?
What is the significance of the 'Timothy Ray Brown' case?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'seroconversion' refer to?
What does the term 'seroconversion' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Viral Structure and Replication
- Viruses are not made of cells and can't sustain themselves or replicate independently.
- Composed of nucleic acids (genome) and proteins.
- Viral life cycles vary, with examples being the lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Lytic Cycle
- The virus injects its genome, hijacking host cell machinery for replication.
- New viruses assemble and are released when the host cell bursts.
Lysogenic Cycle
- Viral DNA integrates with host DNA, replicating along with the host's DNA.
- This cycle can be dormant for extended periods.
Viral Outcomes
- Lytic cycle (cell death)
- Persistent infection (continuous viral release)
- Latent infection (dormant virus)
- Transformation (cancer due to viral integration)
Viral Titer
- Plaque assays to measure viral concentration.
- Each plaque arises from a single virus and cell.
Viral Classification
- Viruses classified by their genetic material.
- dsDNA (double-stranded DNA)
- ssDNA (single-stranded DNA)
- dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)
- ssRNA (single-stranded RNA)
HIV/AIDS
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is not the same as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
- HIV is the infectious virus, and AIDS is the late-stage disease.
- Early HIV infections may have gone undiagnosed until the disease spread to the point that it became an epidemic.
- Discovery traced back to researchers in France and the U.S.
- HIV-1 (most common type) originated in chimpanzees and likely transferred to humans through bushmeat consumption.
HIV Transmission
- Transmission through bodily fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk)
- Transmitted horizontally (sexual contact, sharing needles)
- Transmitted vertically (mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.)
HIV Biology and Structure
- HIV is a retrovirus (RNA genome converted to DNA) and a lentivirus (slow progression).
- HIV contains a capsid, envelope, RNA, enzymes (Reverse Transcriptase), and glycoproteins.
HIV Epidemiology
- Over 36 million people globally live with HIV (2023).
- New HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths show a significant reduction.
- Africa has the highest prevalence.
HIV Progression and Opportunistic Infections
- HIV weakens the immune system, making the body vulnerable to secondary infections (Opportunistic infections).
- Examples include Tuberculosis, Cryptococcal meningitis, Karposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis pneumonia and Toxoplasmosis.
HIV Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis utilizes antibody tests and nucleic acid tests.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) which prevents a cure but decreases viral load.
HIV Prevention
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
- Screening for HIV
- Use of condoms
- Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT)
Future HIV Treatments
- Research efforts focus on preventative measures, such as vaccines and potential cures.
- Significant breakthroughs in individual treatment, such as the Timothy Ray Brown case.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the fascinating world of viruses with this quiz on viral structure and replication processes. Learn about the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles, their outcomes, and how viral titers are measured. Test your knowledge on viral classification based on genetic material!
