Viral Meningitis
51 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What primary factor distinguishes Bradley's case of meningitis from Malorie's?

  • Normal glucose levels in CSF (correct)
  • Severe headache symptoms
  • Duration of illness before hospital visit
  • Presence of bacteria in CSF

    • Which of the following symptoms did Bradley experience?

  • Confusion
  • Mild fever (correct)
  • Severe nausea
  • Severe rash

    • What were the test results of Bradley’s CSF regarding the presence of bacteria?

  • Indeterminate for viral presence
  • Inflammation present in CSF
  • Positive for bacterial infection
  • Negative for all microorganisms (correct)

    • Which type of meningitis was Bradley diagnosed with?

    <p>Viral meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of viral meningitis compared to bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Often resolves without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known cause of viral meningitis?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of viral meningitis with their respective virus types:

    <p>Enteroviruses = Commonly associated with viral meningitis Poliovirus = Causes poliomyelitis and can lead to meningitis Herpes Simplex Viruses = Known for causing severe viral infections in the CNS West Nile Virus = Transmitted by mosquitoes, can cause neurological disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the type of meningitis they commonly present with:

    <p>Mild fever = Viral meningitis Severe headache = Bacterial meningitis Stiff neck = Viral and bacterial meningitis Normal glucose levels in CSF = Viral meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the appropriate type of meningitis:

    <p>Viral meningitis = CSF often shows normal glucose levels Bacterial meningitis = CSF may show elevated white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their associated outbreaks:

    <p>Measles Virus = Can lead to viral meningitis in certain cases Coxsackie viruses = Commonly causes viral meningitis in children Echoviruses = Can spread via fecal-oral route and cause viral meningitis HIV = Known to cause opportunistic infections affecting the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following laboratory results to the type of meningitis they are commonly associated with:

    <p>Elevated protein levels = Viral meningitis Negative gram stain = Viral meningitis Presence of bacteria = Bacterial meningitis Elevated white blood cells in CSF = Both viral and bacterial meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with the appropriate type of meningitis:

    <p>Viral meningitis = Caused by non-bacterial pathogens Bacterial meningitis = Can be rapidly progressive and life-threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of viral meningitis?

    <p>Enterovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meninges is the outermost?

    <p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most commonly associated with viral meningitis in infants?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can viral meningitis primarily spread among individuals?

    <p>Fecal contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of viral meningitis in older children and adults?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT known to cause viral meningitis?

    <p>Influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment may be prescribed for herpes virus-related meningitis?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is viral meningitis usually less severe than bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Symptoms develop more slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome of viral meningitis infection?

    <p>Most recover within two weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is true?

    <p>It provides a cushioning effect for the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms of viral meningitis with the age group they are most commonly associated with:

    <p>Fever = Infants and young children Sensitivity to light = Older children and adults Irritability = Infants and young children Stiff neck = Older children and adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their associated transmission method:

    <p>Enteroviruses = Fecal contamination Mumps virus = Contact with infected body fluids Herpes viruses = Insect bites Measles virus = Contact with infected body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following layers of the meninges with their descriptions:

    <p>Pia mater = Closest to the brain and spinal cord Arachnoid mater = Middle spiderweb-like layer Dura mater = Outermost and strongest layer Cerebrospinal fluid = Flows between the meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments with their usage:

    <p>Acetaminophen = Fever and headache relief Acyclovir = Antiviral treatment for herpes virus Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs = Symptom management No specific treatment = Common for most viral causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms to their likelihood of occurrence in viral meningitis:

    <p>Loss of appetite = Common in infants and children Vomiting = Not uncommon in adults Headache = Common in older children and adults Difficulty waking up = Common in all age groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following infections with their primary causative agent:

    <p>Enteroviruses = Most frequent cause of viral meningitis Mumps virus = Viral cause associated with children Herpes viruses = Viral cause requiring antiviral treatment Measles virus = Viral cause spread by contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Fecal contamination = Poor hygiene after using toilet Infected body fluids = Through sneezing and coughing Insect bites = From mosquitoes or ticks Saliva contact = Through nasal secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following age groups with their common symptoms of viral meningitis:

    <p>Infants = Difficulty waking up Older children = Sensitivity to light Adults = Stiff neck Young children = Irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes with their occurrence in viral meningitis:

    <p>Most people recover = Within two weeks Severe symptoms = More common in bacterial meningitis Hospitalization = Less frequent in viral cases Chronic complications = Rare for viral meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for enteroviruses that cause viral meningitis?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is unique to enteroviruses compared to other viruses causing viral meningitis?

    <p>They are resistant to acid, bile, and detergents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced by individuals with viral meningitis?

    <p>Photophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is the Salk vaccine?

    <p>Inactivated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is primarily responsible for hand-foot-and-mouth disease and also contributes to viral meningitis?

    <p>Coxsackievirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the West Nile virus primarily spread to humans?

    <p>Mosquito bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the measles virus?

    <p>It is highly contagious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vaccines play concerning viral meningitis caused by poliovirus?

    <p>They have nearly eradicated poliovirus infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is most at risk for severe outcomes from West Nile virus infection?

    <p>The elderly and those with weakened immune systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of mumps that can also be associated with viral meningitis?

    <p>Parotitis (inflammation of the parotid glands)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their primary mode of transmission:

    <p>Enteroviruses = Fecal-oral route Poliovirus = Feces and contaminated water West Nile Virus = Mosquito bites Coxsackieviruses = Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the viral meningitis symptoms with their descriptions:

    <p>Fever = An increase in body temperature Photophobia = Sensitivity to light Stiff neck = Inability to flex the neck due to pain Headache = Persistent pain in the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccines with their types for poliovirus:

    <p>Salk vaccine = Inactivated poliovirus vaccine Sabin vaccine = Live oral poliovirus vaccine Polio vaccine = Preventive measure against poliomyelitis Combination vaccine = May include multiple virus types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications with their associated viruses:

    <p>Poliovirus = Flaccid paralysis Coxsackievirus = Hand, foot, and mouth disease West Nile Virus = Encephalitis Enteroviruses = Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Enteroviruses = Small RNA viruses with naked capsid West Nile Virus = Enveloped RNA virus Poliovirus = Leads to neuromuscular paralysis Echovirus = Can cause rashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral meningitis causes with their specific virus type:

    <p>Enterovirus = Most common cause Poliovirus = Historical significance Coxsackievirus = Associated with respiratory symptoms West Nile Virus = Transmitted by mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms of viral meningitis with their age group prevalence:

    <p>Neck stiffness = Common in children and adults Rash = More likely in infants Fever = Found in all age groups Photophobia = Often reported in teens and adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of viral meningitis with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-limited = Symptoms resolve in days to a week No specific therapy = Supportive care is sufficient Most common type = Prevalent compared to bacterial meningitis Aseptic meningitis = Inability to culture on media plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following risk groups with their outcomes from West Nile virus infection:

    <p>Elderly = Higher fatality rate Children = Generally mild symptoms Immunocompromised individuals = Severe outcomes possible Healthy adults = Variable mild cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following agents with their associated complications:

    <p>Coxsackievirus = Diarrhea Poliovirus = Muscle atrophy West Nile Virus = Neurological symptoms Echovirus = Rashes and respiratory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Viral Meningitis Case Study

    • Bradley presented with symptoms similar to Malorie (meningitis), but less severe.
    • Bradley had a mild fever, headache, and stiff neck.
    • Bradley's CSF was clear, with normal glucose levels, but elevated protein levels
    • Bradley's CSF gram stain showed no bacteria and all cultures were negative for microorganisms.
    • Bradley's diagnosis was Viral Meningitis, which is often less severe than bacterial meningitis.
    • Many people with viral meningitis recover without treatment.

    Viral Meningitis Causes

    • Enteroviruses
    • Poliovirus
    • Coxsackie viruses
    • Echoviruses
    • West Nile Virus
    • Measles and Mumps Viruses
    • Herpes Simplex Viruses
    • HIV

    Bradley's Case

    • Bradley's symptoms were less severe than Malorie's, including fatigue, headache, mild fever, and stiff neck.

    • Bradley's CSF appeared clear, with normal glucose levels, but elevated protein levels.

    • No bacteria were found in his CSF gram stain, and all cultures for microorganisms were negative.

    • Bradley was diagnosed with Viral meningitis.

    Viral Meningitis

    • Viral Meningitis is often less severe than bacterial meningitis and most patients recover on their own without treatment.

    Viral Meningitis Causes

    • Enteroviruses
    • Poliovirus
    • Coxsackie viruses
    • Echoviruses
    • West Nile Virus
    • Measles and Mumps Viruses
    • Herpes Simplex Viruses
    • HIV

    Viral Meningitis

    • Viral meningitis, primarily affecting children under five, occurs when viruses infect the meninges, the protective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
    • The meninges consist of three layers: the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid, flowing between the meninges, also protects the brain and spinal cord.
    • Enterovirus is the most common cause of viral meningitis.
    • Other culprits include mumps virus, measles virus, herpes viruses, and viruses spread by insects like mosquitoes and ticks.
    • Viral meningitis commonly spreads through fecal contamination via unwashed hands and contact with infected bodily fluids, including sneezing and coughing.
    • Infected insect bites can also transmit the virus.
    • Inside the body, viruses replicate and enter the bloodstream, ultimately reaching the brain and crossing the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid.
    • The viruses infect the cells of the meninges, triggering inflammation as the immune system combats the infection.
    • Infants and young children often exhibit fever, irritability, loss of appetite, and difficulty waking up.
    • Older children and adults may experience fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, sleepiness, difficulty waking up, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.
    • Viral meningitis symptoms are similar to bacterial meningitis, but typically less severe.
    • Acetaminophen or NSAIDs might be recommended for fever and headache.
    • Antiviral medications like acyclovir may be prescribed for herpes virus-related meningitis.
    • Most viral meningitis cases lack specific treatment, and individuals usually recover within two weeks.

    Viral Meningitis

    • Viral meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
    • It is a common infection, primarily affecting children under five years old.
    • The meninges are three layers protecting the brain and spinal cord: pia mater (innermost), arachnoid mater (middle), and dura mater (outermost).
    • Cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain and spinal cord, flows between these layers.

    Common Causes

    • Enteroviruses are the leading cause of viral meningitis.
    • Other viruses causing meningitis include mumps, measles, herpes viruses, and viruses transmitted by insects like mosquitoes and ticks.

    Transmission

    • Viral meningitis can be spread through fecal contamination, such as poor hand hygiene after using the toilet or changing diapers.
    • Contact with infected body fluids, like sneezing, coughing, or sharing saliva or nasal secretions can also lead to transmission.
    • Insect bites from infected mosquitoes or ticks are another route of infection.

    Viral Infection Progression

    • Once in the body, viruses multiply and enter the bloodstream.
    • They reach the brain and cross the blood-brain barrier, infecting the cerebrospinal fluid.
    • The viruses then attack the meninges, triggering inflammation as the immune system defends against them.

    Symptoms

    • Infants and young children may experience fever, irritability, loss of appetite, and difficulty waking up.
    • Older children and adults might exhibit fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, sleepiness, difficulty waking up, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

    Treatment

    • Symptoms of viral meningitis are similar to bacterial meningitis but generally less severe.
    • Acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often recommended for fever and headache.
    • Antiviral medications like acyclovir are prescribed for herpes virus-related meningitis.
    • There is no specific treatment for most viral meningitis cases.
    • Most individuals recover within two weeks without specific medical intervention.

    Viral Meningitis

    • Viral meningitis is also known as aseptic meningitis
    • Viral meningitis is more common than bacterial meningitis
    • Viral meningitis is often milder than bacterial meningitis
    • Viral meningitis can resolve on its own
    • Symptoms of viral meningitis include fever, headache, photophobia, and a stiff neck

    Causes of Viral Meningitis

    • Enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis
    • Enteroviruses belong to the family Picornaviridae
    • Enteroviruses are small RNA viruses with a naked capsid
    • Enteroviruses are resistant to acid, bile, and detergents
    • Enteroviruses are transmitted via the fecal-oral route

    Poliovirus

    • Poliovirus is a member of the Enterovirus genus
    • Poliovirus causes polio myelitis, a viral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis and withered limbs
    • Poliovirus is spread via contaminated water and feces
    • Most poliovirus infections are mild or asymptomatic
    • Some poliovirus infections can cause paralysis

    Polio Vaccines

    • The Salk vaccine (IPV) is an inactivated poliovirus vaccine
    • The Sabin vaccine (OPV) is a live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine and is no longer used in the US due to the risk of mutation back to a virulent form
    • Poliovirus is nearly eradicated thanks to vaccination

    Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses

    • Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis after polio eradication
    • Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses are similar to poliovirus in terms of infectious characteristics and transmission
    • Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses often cause rashes, diarrhea, and upper respiratory symptoms
    • Coxsackieviruses cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease

    West Nile Virus

    • West Nile Virus is an enveloped RNA virus
    • West Nile Virus is transmitted by mosquitoes
    • Mosquitoes primarily infect birds, especially crows
    • Humans and other mammals are dead-end hosts for West Nile Virus
    • West Nile Virus infections can be asymptomatic
    • West Nile Virus can cause mild fever, flu-like symptoms and neurological symptoms like meningitis and encephalitis, especially in children and the elderly

    Measles and Mumps

    • Measles and Mumps belong to the family Paramyxoviridae
    • Measles and Mumps are enveloped RNA viruses with a helical capsid
    • Measles and Mumps are spread via respiratory droplets
    • Measles is highly contagious and can cause encephalitis and permanent brain damage
    • Mumps causes parotitis and meningitis in about 50% of cases
    • Measles and Mumps are preventable with the MMR vaccine (live attenuated vaccine)

    Viral Meningitis

    • Most common type of meningitis
    • Often called aseptic meningitis due to the inability to culture viruses
    • Symptoms include fever, headache, photophobia, and stiff neck
    • Usually self-limiting - symptoms resolve within a few days or a week
    • No specific therapy needed; supportive care is sufficient

    Enteroviruses

    • Most common cause of viral meningitis
    • Part of the Picornaviridae family - small RNA viruses with a naked capsid
    • Resistant to acid, bile, and detergents due to the lack of an envelope
    • Transmission via the fecal-oral route
    • Ingested viruses survive stomach acid and infect the small intestines

    Poliovirus

    • Historically known for causing poliomyelitis, an acute viral infection of the spinal cord that can lead to neuromuscular paralysis
    • Can cause withered limbs due to muscle atrophy
    • Transmission through feces and contaminated water
    • Most infections are mild or asymptomatic
    • Some can cause diarrhea, meningitis, and poliomyelitis
    • Poliomyelitis can cause flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy
    • Two vaccines available - Salk vaccine (inactivated poliovirus vaccine) and Sabin vaccine (attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine)
    • Polio is nearing eradication due to vaccination efforts, but outbreaks still occur

    Coxsackieviruses and Echoviruses

    • Most common causes of viral meningitis
    • Share infectious characteristics and transmission methods with poliovirus
    • Can cause diarrhea, rashes, and upper respiratory symptoms
    • Coxsackievirus is responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease
    • Echovirus can also cause rashes

    West Nile Virus

    • Enveloped RNA virus transmitted by mosquitoes
    • Primarily infects birds, especially crows
    • Mosquitoes can also infect humans, horses, and other mammals, but they are considered “dead-end” hosts
    • Infections can be asymptomatic, cause mild fevers, or lead to severe neurological symptoms like encephalitis and death
    • Majority of fatalities are in the elderly

    Measles and Mumps

    • Both belong to the Paramyxoviridae family - enveloped RNA viruses with a helical capsid
    • Spread through respiratory droplets and are highly contagious
    • Measles can cause encephalitis and severe permanent complications
    • Mumps are known for causing parotitis, infection of the parotid glands
    • Mumps can cause meningitis in about 50% of cases
    • Both are vaccine-preventable with the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)
    • MMR vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine - providing a strong immune response

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the symptoms, diagnosis, and causes of Viral Meningitis through the case study of Bradley. Understand how his presentation and CSF analysis contributed to the diagnosis of this less severe form of meningitis. This quiz delves into the various viruses responsible for this condition, offering insights into viral infections and their implications.

    More Like This

    Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Bacterial vs. Viral Meningitis
    12 questions

    Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Bacterial vs. Viral Meningitis

    TranquilSimile avatar
    TranquilSimile
    Meningitis Treatment and Complications
    18 questions

    Meningitis Treatment and Complications

    IntegratedElbaite avatar
    IntegratedElbaite
    Viral Meningitis and Herpes Simplex Virus
    24 questions

    Viral Meningitis and Herpes Simplex Virus

    GracefulComprehension2864 avatar
    GracefulComprehension2864
    Viral Meningitis Overview
    10 questions

    Viral Meningitis Overview

    RenownedBoston avatar
    RenownedBoston
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser