Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of virus is HIV?
What type of virus is HIV?
How can HIV be effectively disinfected?
How can HIV be effectively disinfected?
What is required for HIV to infect an individual?
What is required for HIV to infect an individual?
Which of the following statements is true about HIV's characteristics?
Which of the following statements is true about HIV's characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these can help reduce the risk of HIV transmission?
Which of these can help reduce the risk of HIV transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
What roles are indicated for the writers mentioned in the lecture notes?
What roles are indicated for the writers mentioned in the lecture notes?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the abbreviation 'Dr.' likely signify in the context of this content?
What does the abbreviation 'Dr.' likely signify in the context of this content?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following roles is NOT mentioned in the lecture notes?
Which of the following roles is NOT mentioned in the lecture notes?
Signup and view all the answers
What purpose does the 'Key information' section serve in these notes?
What purpose does the 'Key information' section serve in these notes?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be inferred about the content labeled as 'Deleted'?
What can be inferred about the content labeled as 'Deleted'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of liver function tests?
What is the primary purpose of liver function tests?
Signup and view all the answers
What component do liver function tests primarily target?
What component do liver function tests primarily target?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a likely indicator of impaired liver function?
Which of the following is a likely indicator of impaired liver function?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does HSV-1 latency occur?
Where does HSV-1 latency occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition would most likely prompt liver function tests?
Which condition would most likely prompt liver function tests?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common outcome when liver function is compromised?
What is a common outcome when liver function is compromised?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of virus particles in HSV-1 latency?
What is the role of virus particles in HSV-1 latency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the behavior of HSV-1 during latency?
Which of the following best describes the behavior of HSV-1 during latency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which anatomical location is associated with HSV-1 reactivation?
Which anatomical location is associated with HSV-1 reactivation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'latency' imply regarding HSV-1?
What does the term 'latency' imply regarding HSV-1?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of impact does the condition described have on the skin?
What kind of impact does the condition described have on the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
From where does the virus take sensory supply in the case described?
From where does the virus take sensory supply in the case described?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the area of skin affected by the condition?
What term describes the area of skin affected by the condition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the state of the virus when it affects the skin?
What is the state of the virus when it affects the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the sensory supply is true?
Which of the following statements about the sensory supply is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of a dermatome in clinical practice?
What is the primary function of a dermatome in clinical practice?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is understanding dermatomes important for clinicians?
Why is understanding dermatomes important for clinicians?
Signup and view all the answers
How does a dermatome's correspondence with the spinal cord assist clinical diagnosis?
How does a dermatome's correspondence with the spinal cord assist clinical diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding dermatomes?
Which statement is true regarding dermatomes?
Signup and view all the answers
What would be the clinical implication of a disrupted dermatome?
What would be the clinical implication of a disrupted dermatome?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Viral Infectious Agents
- Viral pathogenesis often involves latent periods, like in herpes simplex viruses
- Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type 1, transmitted through direct contact, cause primary infection, usually in children
- Primary HSV-1 infection commonly presents as acute gingivostomatitis, characterized by vesicles on the gums, which rupture and form healing crusts
- Latency of HSV-1 resides in the trigeminal ganglion, a cluster of sensory nerve cell bodies near the spinal cord
- Reactivation of HSV-1 can occur every few years, triggered by stress or compromised immune function, causing recurrent herpes labialis (cold sores) or reactivation of primary gingivostomatitis
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) presents in two forms: primary varicella (chickenpox), characterized by a generalized rash, and reactivation zoster (shingles), presenting as a localized rash
- Chickenpox infection typically affects children aged 4-10 years
- Adults reactivating latent varicella infection experience shingles, usually in the dermatome which gets reactivated
- Rash of varicella begins on trunk and spreads to limbs, whereas shingles remains limited to a single dermatome
- Vesicles, pustules, and ulcers develop during the course of varicella
- Diagnostic laboratories use smears of vesicular lesions with direct virus detection or serology to confirm the specific VZV antibodies (IgM or rising IgG titre). This is achieved by ELISA
- The poxvirus family is the largest of all the viruses, distinguished by their large size (300nm), brick-shaped morphology, enveloped structure, and double-stranded DNA.
- Smallpox, a member of this family, no longer exists
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- HBV is a DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family, causing serum hepatitis
- The complete virus, called the Dane particle, is spherical or tubular shaped, identifiable by the hepatitis B surface antigen
- HBV transmission occurs through sexual contact, exposure to contaminated blood products, percutaneous exposures (tattoos, piercings), and perinatally from infected mothers to newborns.
- Diagnosis involves detecting the hepatitis B surface antigen or antibodies in the blood serum, viral DNA (using PCR), and liver function tests (e.g., ALT, bilirubin)
HIV
- HIV is an enveloped virus that requires direct blood-to-blood contact for infection
- The HIV envelope contains glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41), essential for attachment and entry into host CD4+ T cells
- The HIV genome consists of two identical copies of positive-sense single-stranded RNA, associated with reverse transcriptase
- HIV transmission routes include sexual contact, blood and blood products (e.g., contaminated needles), and vertical transmission (mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding)
- Diagnosing HIV involves detecting HIV-specific antibodies in blood serum (using ELISA), followed by confirmatory Western blot if the ELISA is positive
- Additional tests for HIV diagnosis include nucleic acid tests (NAT) for measuring HIV DNA or RNA (e.g., PCR) and CD4 count to establish diagnosis of AIDS (if the CD4 count is below 200 cells/mm3 or CD4/CD8 ratio is less than 1)
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz delves into viral infectious agents such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. It covers their pathogenesis, primary infections, latency, and reactivation. Test your knowledge about these common viral infections and their clinical presentations.
