Viral Hepatitis and HBV Vaccine Development
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Questions and Answers

What was AuAg in the context of viral hepatitis?

  • A type of vaccine
  • A type of liver disease
  • A diagnostic test
  • The first specific marker (correct)
  • Who developed the first recombinant HBV vaccine?

  • Dr. Maurice Hilleman (correct)
  • Dr. Edward Jenner
  • Dr. Louis Pasteur
  • Dr. Alexander Fleming
  • What is the name of the genus that HBV belongs to?

  • Orthohepadnavirus (correct)
  • Hepadna viridae
  • Hepadnavirus
  • Riboviria
  • What is the result of chronic hepatitis B if left untreated?

    <p>Chronic liver damage (cirrhosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for acute hepatitis B?

    <p>Up to 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the family that HBV belongs to?

    <p>Hepadnavirales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the global burden of HBV infection?

    <p>High prevalence rates in certain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the example vaccine mentioned in the text?

    <p>Recombivax HB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can hepatitis B be transmitted through unprotected contact?

    <p>Through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mode of transmission of hepatitis B among drug users?

    <p>Sharing needles and syringes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can hepatitis B be transmitted from mother to child?

    <p>During the perinatal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a common mode of transmission of hepatitis B?

    <p>Casual contact such as hugging or kissing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period of HBV infection?

    <p>Between 30-180 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is HBsAg transmitted?

    <p>Through blood contact or body secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of acquiring hepatitis B in individuals with close contact with HBsAg-positive patients?

    <p>Higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of HBV infection in immunocompetent patients?

    <p>Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of liver disease in HBV infection?

    <p>Immune-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What promotes T cells-induced cellular lysis of HBV-infected cells?

    <p>HBsAg and other nucleocapsid proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the immune response most robust in HBV infection?

    <p>In the early stages of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histological pattern seen in post-liver transplant patients with hepatitis B on immunosuppressant therapy?

    <p>Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of chronic HBV infection?

    <p>Progression to cirrhosis and HCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people die globally each year from chronic hepatitis B disease?

    <p>1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a histologic finding in acute hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Lobular disarray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that determines the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HBV infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of hepatitis?

    <p>Viral and non-viral hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of care for acute hepatitis B?

    <p>To make the person comfortable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can oral antiviral medicines help with in chronic hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Slow the advance of cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of acute hepatitis B?

    <p>Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to confirm the diagnosis of hepatitis B through analytical tests?

    <p>To rule out other types of viral hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication of chronic hepatitis B?

    <p>Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of blood tests in diagnosing hepatitis B?

    <p>To confirm the diagnosis and follow up on patients with hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should people with acute hepatitis B do to prevent dehydration?

    <p>Drink plenty of liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can hepatitis B be transmitted through sexual contact?

    <p>If the person's infected blood, saliva, semen, or vaginal secretions enter the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way that hepatitis B can spread?

    <p>Through sharing of needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is at high risk of getting hepatitis B?

    <p>Healthcare workers and individuals with multiple sexual partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a geographical factor that contributes to the prevalence of hepatitis B?

    <p>Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that hepatitis B virus is transmitted?

    <p>Through contact with infected blood, open sores, or body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can someone with hepatitis B spread the virus even if they don't feel sick?

    <p>Yes, they can still spread it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hepatitis B?

    <p>A viral infection that primarily affects the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a newborn baby avoid getting infected with hepatitis B?

    <p>By getting vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

    • HBV is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus, and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family.
    • It causes the disease Hepatitis B.

    Classification of HBV

    • Realm: Riboviria
    • Kingdom: Pararnavirae
    • Phylum: Arterviricota
    • Class: Revtraviricetes
    • Order: Bluberviales
    • Family: Hepadnavirales
    • Genus: Orthohepadnavirus
    • Species: Hepatitis B virus

    Epidemiology of HBV

    • High prevalence rates in certain regions, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa (1980-1990).
    • Epidemiological studies revealed the global burden of HBV infection.

    Types of Hepatitis B

    • Acute Hepatitis B:
      • Lasts for six months after initial exposure.
      • Rarely causes liver damage.
    • Chronic Hepatitis B:
      • Happens when HBV is still in the blood six months after initial exposure.
      • Can lead to chronic liver damage (cirrhosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).
    • Other types of Hepatitis: A, C, D, E, and non-viral causes (autoimmune, alcoholic, and drug-induced).

    Treatment of Hepatitis B

    • Acute Hepatitis B: Focus on making the person comfortable, with a healthy diet and plenty of liquids.
    • Chronic Hepatitis B: Treated with oral antiviral medicines, such as tenofovir or entecavir, to slow the advance of cirrhosis, reduce liver cancer cases, and improve long-term survival.

    Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis B

    • Most people have no symptoms after becoming infected.
    • Symptoms may include:
      • Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
      • Dark urine
      • Extreme tiredness
      • Nausea
      • Vomiting
      • Abdominal pain
    • Acute Hepatitis B can cause liver failure, which can lead to death.

    Diagnosis and Transmission of HBV

    • Diagnosed through blood tests, with different types of tests to confirm the diagnosis and follow up on patients.
    • HBV can spread through:
      • Sexual contact
      • Sharing of needles
      • Accidental needle sticks
      • Mother-to-child transmission
    • Not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing food or drinks.

    Causes of Hepatitis B

    • High-risk groups: People who inject drugs, healthcare workers, infants born to infected mothers, and individuals with multiple sexual partners.
    • Behavioral factors: Unprotected sex, sharing needles, and getting tattoos or piercings with unsterilized tools.
    • Geographical factors: HBV prevalence is higher in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.

    Pathophysiology of HBV

    • HBV is transmitted via percutaneous inoculation or through mucosal exposure with infectious bodily fluids.
    • The pathogenesis of liver disease in HBV infection is mainly immune-mediated, with HBV causing direct cytotoxic injury to the liver in some circumstances.
    • The immune response may not be the sole etiology behind hepatic injury in Hepatitis B patients.

    Prognosis of Hepatitis B

    • The prognosis of patients who contract Hepatitis B depends on several factors, including the mode of infection, viral genotype, and presence of co-infection.
    • An estimated 1 million persons per year globally, including at least 5000 persons annually in the United States, die from chronic Hepatitis B disease.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the history and development of viral hepatitis, specifically type B, and the creation of vaccines for its detection and prevention.

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