Viral Hepatitis and HBV Vaccine Development

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Questions and Answers

What was AuAg in the context of viral hepatitis?

The first specific marker

Who developed the first recombinant HBV vaccine?

Dr. Maurice Hilleman

What is the name of the genus that HBV belongs to?

Orthohepadnavirus

What is the result of chronic hepatitis B if left untreated?

Chronic liver damage (cirrhosis) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for acute hepatitis B?

Up to 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the family that HBV belongs to?

Hepadnavirales Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the global burden of HBV infection?

High prevalence rates in certain regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the example vaccine mentioned in the text?

Recombivax HB Signup and view all the answers

How can hepatitis B be transmitted through unprotected contact?

Through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mode of transmission of hepatitis B among drug users?

Sharing needles and syringes Signup and view all the answers

When can hepatitis B be transmitted from mother to child?

During the perinatal period Signup and view all the answers

What is not a common mode of transmission of hepatitis B?

Casual contact such as hugging or kissing Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation period of HBV infection?

Between 30-180 days Signup and view all the answers

How is HBsAg transmitted?

Through blood contact or body secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of acquiring hepatitis B in individuals with close contact with HBsAg-positive patients?

Higher Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of HBV infection in immunocompetent patients?

Recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of liver disease in HBV infection?

Immune-mediated Signup and view all the answers

What promotes T cells-induced cellular lysis of HBV-infected cells?

HBsAg and other nucleocapsid proteins Signup and view all the answers

When is the immune response most robust in HBV infection?

In the early stages of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the histological pattern seen in post-liver transplant patients with hepatitis B on immunosuppressant therapy?

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of chronic HBV infection?

Progression to cirrhosis and HCC Signup and view all the answers

How many people die globally each year from chronic hepatitis B disease?

1 million Signup and view all the answers

What is a histologic finding in acute hepatitis B infection?

Lobular disarray Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that determines the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HBV infection?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of hepatitis?

Viral and non-viral hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of care for acute hepatitis B?

To make the person comfortable Signup and view all the answers

What can oral antiviral medicines help with in chronic hepatitis B infection?

Slow the advance of cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of acute hepatitis B?

Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to confirm the diagnosis of hepatitis B through analytical tests?

To rule out other types of viral hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of chronic hepatitis B?

Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of blood tests in diagnosing hepatitis B?

To confirm the diagnosis and follow up on patients with hepatitis B Signup and view all the answers

What should people with acute hepatitis B do to prevent dehydration?

Drink plenty of liquids Signup and view all the answers

How can hepatitis B be transmitted through sexual contact?

If the person's infected blood, saliva, semen, or vaginal secretions enter the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way that hepatitis B can spread?

Through sharing of needles Signup and view all the answers

Who is at high risk of getting hepatitis B?

Healthcare workers and individuals with multiple sexual partners Signup and view all the answers

What is a geographical factor that contributes to the prevalence of hepatitis B?

Regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that hepatitis B virus is transmitted?

Through contact with infected blood, open sores, or body fluids Signup and view all the answers

Can someone with hepatitis B spread the virus even if they don't feel sick?

Yes, they can still spread it Signup and view all the answers

What is hepatitis B?

A viral infection that primarily affects the liver Signup and view all the answers

How can a newborn baby avoid getting infected with hepatitis B?

By getting vaccinated Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

HBV is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus, and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family.
It causes the disease Hepatitis B.

Classification of HBV

Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Pararnavirae
Phylum: Arterviricota
Class: Revtraviricetes
Order: Bluberviales
Family: Hepadnavirales
Genus: Orthohepadnavirus
Species: Hepatitis B virus

Epidemiology of HBV

High prevalence rates in certain regions, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa (1980-1990).
Epidemiological studies revealed the global burden of HBV infection.

Types of Hepatitis B

Acute Hepatitis B:
- Lasts for six months after initial exposure.
- Rarely causes liver damage.
Chronic Hepatitis B:
- Happens when HBV is still in the blood six months after initial exposure.
- Can lead to chronic liver damage (cirrhosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).
Other types of Hepatitis: A, C, D, E, and non-viral causes (autoimmune, alcoholic, and drug-induced).

Treatment of Hepatitis B

Acute Hepatitis B: Focus on making the person comfortable, with a healthy diet and plenty of liquids.
Chronic Hepatitis B: Treated with oral antiviral medicines, such as tenofovir or entecavir, to slow the advance of cirrhosis, reduce liver cancer cases, and improve long-term survival.

Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis B

Most people have no symptoms after becoming infected.
Symptoms may include:
- Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
- Dark urine
- Extreme tiredness
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
Acute Hepatitis B can cause liver failure, which can lead to death.

Diagnosis and Transmission of HBV

Diagnosed through blood tests, with different types of tests to confirm the diagnosis and follow up on patients.
HBV can spread through:
- Sexual contact
- Sharing of needles
- Accidental needle sticks
- Mother-to-child transmission
Not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing food or drinks.

Causes of Hepatitis B

High-risk groups: People who inject drugs, healthcare workers, infants born to infected mothers, and individuals with multiple sexual partners.
Behavioral factors: Unprotected sex, sharing needles, and getting tattoos or piercings with unsterilized tools.
Geographical factors: HBV prevalence is higher in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.

Pathophysiology of HBV

HBV is transmitted via percutaneous inoculation or through mucosal exposure with infectious bodily fluids.
The pathogenesis of liver disease in HBV infection is mainly immune-mediated, with HBV causing direct cytotoxic injury to the liver in some circumstances.
The immune response may not be the sole etiology behind hepatic injury in Hepatitis B patients.

Prognosis of Hepatitis B

The prognosis of patients who contract Hepatitis B depends on several factors, including the mode of infection, viral genotype, and presence of co-infection.
An estimated 1 million persons per year globally, including at least 5000 persons annually in the United States, die from chronic Hepatitis B disease.

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