Cultivating Viruses and Viral Diseases
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Questions and Answers

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?

  • Viruses have a cellular structure.
  • Antibiotics strengthen the immune response.
  • Viruses can replicate without a host.
  • Antibiotics target bacterial infections. (correct)

    • What is a unique feature of the HIV virus?

  • It is smaller than most viruses.
  • It cannot enter host cells.
  • It can cure itself.
  • It carries reverse transcriptase. (correct)

    • Which of the following describes latency in viruses?

  • It completely eliminates the virus from the body.
  • It enhances the virus's ability to spread immediately.
  • It prevents the development of any symptoms.
  • It allows the virus to become part of the host's genome. (correct)

    • Which virus is commonly associated with cold sores?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about coronaviruses is accurate?

    <p>They do not affect the genome of the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of viral latency?

    <p>Recurrent infections later on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medications can help treat viral infections?

    <p>Anti-viral medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of certain viruses correlate with cancer risk?

    <p>Certain viruses can lead to mutations in the host's DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immune support medications during a viral infection?

    <p>They help address symptoms without curing the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cervical cancers in the U.S. is linked to human papillomavirus?

    <p>Over 96%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in growing viruses in a lab setting?

    <p>Viruses cannot replicate outside of a host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT mentioned as a way to grow viruses in the lab?

    <p>Cell-free media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is diagnosing viral diseases often more difficult than diagnosing bacterial infections?

    <p>Viruses are smaller and cannot be seen under a microscope as easily as bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique advantage do fertilized bird embryos provide for growing viruses?

    <p>They contain a variety of tissue types and isolate the virus safely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes treating viral infections significantly different from treating bacterial infections?

    <p>You need to destroy the virus without harming host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of which type of cell indicates a herpes virus infection in a Tzanck stain?

    <p>Large, multi-lobed nuclei in irregularly shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are common antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?

    <p>Antibiotics do not target viral replication mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from other microbes?

    <p>They are intracellular parasites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular structure do common antibiotics target that viruses lack?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the methods used to grow viruses in the lab with their descriptions:

    <p>Tissue culture = Cells grown in plastic dishes for virus replication Live animals = Laboratory animals inoculated for viral growth Bird embryos = Fertilized eggs containing various tissue types Agar plates = Not suitable for growing viruses but used for bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the challenges of diagnosing viral infections with their reasons:

    <p>Small size of viruses = Not visible under a standard microscope Intracellular parasites = Require host cells to replicate Symptoms often overlap = Common symptoms with other infections Use of specialized tests = Need for techniques beyond agar plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cells with their implications in a viral infection diagnosis:

    <p>Normal cells = Large with small dark nuclei Infected cells = Irregularly shaped with multi-lobed nuclei Tzanck stain result = Visual indicator of herpes virus infection Cellular damage = Sign that infection is likely present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of drugs mentioned in the content with their target:

    <p>Common antibiotics = Target prokaryotic cell structures Antiviral medications = Aim to disrupt viral processes Peptidoglycan inhibitors = Specific to bacterial cell walls Ribosome inhibitors = Impact bacterial protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the visual indicators with their associated viral infections:

    <p>Tzanck stain = Herpes virus Microscopic analysis = Diagnosis of viral presence Cellular morphology = Identification of abnormal cells Viral symptoms = Clues to underlying infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the statements about virus cultivation methods with their advantages:

    <p>Tissue culture = Allows controlled environment for cell growth Live animals = Enables growth of viruses that need complex systems Bird embryos = Containment within eggshell provides safety None = No viable method for certain virus strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions related to viral infections:

    <p>Latency = Virus integrates into the host cell chromosome Viral enzyme = Targets of anti-viral drugs Immune support medications = Help address symptoms of viral infections Antibiotics = Ineffective against viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of medications with their functions in viral infections:

    <p>Anti-viral medications = Slow the spread of the virus Immune support medications = Support the immune system Symptomatic treatments = Help address viral infection symptoms Antibiotics = Not used for viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Viruses = Lack cellular structure Latency = Virus remains hidden in host cells Symptoms = Treatable but not curable through medication Viral infection = Cannot be cured completely at present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cultivating Viruses

    • Viruses require living cells to replicate, complicating laboratory growth.
    • Three primary methods for virus cultivation:
      • Tissue culture: Isolated cells from humans or animals are grown in plastic dishes.
      • Live animals: Certain viruses cannot thrive in tissue cultures; these are inoculated in laboratory animals for replication.
      • Bird embryos: Fertilized embryos possess diverse tissue types, and viruses remain contained within the eggshell during growth.

    Viral Diseases

    • Viruses are responsible for a range of diseases from mild (common cold) to severe (Ebola, COVID-19).

    • Diagnosis of viral diseases poses challenges due to:

      • Viruses being extremely small, undetectable under standard microscopes.
      • Intracellular nature; cannot be cultured on agar plates.
      • Diagnosis often relies on symptoms and signs of cellular damage.

    • Treatment complexities include:

      • Viruses lack cellular structures, rendering common antibiotics ineffective.
      • No current cures for viral infections; available medications focus on symptom relief and immune support.
      • Some viruses, like HIV, carry unique enzymes, which can be targets for antiviral drugs to inhibit spread.

    • Latency in Viruses:

      • Some viruses integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes, leading to latency.
      • Viruses in latency can cause recurrent infections (e.g., cold sores) and may lead to cellular mutations linked to cancer risk.
      • Example: Over 96% of cervical cancers in the U.S. are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
      • Not all viruses exhibit latency or are cancer-associated, as seen with coronaviruses, which do not enter latency or affect the genome.

    Examples of Human Viruses

    • Focus on two viruses:
      • Herpes simplex virus (HSV): Causes cold sores and genital herpes.
      • SARS-CoV-2: Responsible for the COVID-19 disease.

    Cultivating Viruses

    • Viruses require living cells to replicate, complicating laboratory growth.
    • Three primary methods for virus cultivation:
      • Tissue culture: Isolated cells from humans or animals are grown in plastic dishes.
      • Live animals: Certain viruses cannot thrive in tissue cultures; these are inoculated in laboratory animals for replication.
      • Bird embryos: Fertilized embryos possess diverse tissue types, and viruses remain contained within the eggshell during growth.

    Viral Diseases

    • Viruses are responsible for a range of diseases from mild (common cold) to severe (Ebola, COVID-19).

    • Diagnosis of viral diseases poses challenges due to:

      • Viruses being extremely small, undetectable under standard microscopes.
      • Intracellular nature; cannot be cultured on agar plates.
      • Diagnosis often relies on symptoms and signs of cellular damage.

    • Treatment complexities include:

      • Viruses lack cellular structures, rendering common antibiotics ineffective.
      • No current cures for viral infections; available medications focus on symptom relief and immune support.
      • Some viruses, like HIV, carry unique enzymes, which can be targets for antiviral drugs to inhibit spread.

    • Latency in Viruses:

      • Some viruses integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes, leading to latency.
      • Viruses in latency can cause recurrent infections (e.g., cold sores) and may lead to cellular mutations linked to cancer risk.
      • Example: Over 96% of cervical cancers in the U.S. are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
      • Not all viruses exhibit latency or are cancer-associated, as seen with coronaviruses, which do not enter latency or affect the genome.

    Examples of Human Viruses

    • Focus on two viruses:
      • Herpes simplex virus (HSV): Causes cold sores and genital herpes.
      • SARS-CoV-2: Responsible for the COVID-19 disease.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the methods of virus cultivation and the complexities involved in diagnosing and treating viral diseases. It covers the various techniques used in laboratories, challenges posed by viruses, and their implications for health. Test your knowledge about the intricate world of viruses and their impact on human health.

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