Sample Quiz

definition of pathology

Which of the following is an example of a primary genetic disease?

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the disease process in pathology?

What is hypoxia?

Which of the following contributes to impaired respiratory defense mechanisms, increasing pneumonia risk?

What is the primary cause of lobar pneumonia?

What is the key feature of bronchopneumonia?

Which type of pneumonia is most commonly acquired in hospitals?

What is the primary lesion in primary tuberculosis called?

What is the primary mode of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

What controls most endocrine glands?

What is the primary cause of pituitary hyperfunction?

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of acromegaly?

Which hormone is overproduced in Cushing syndrome due to an ACTH-secreting adenoma?

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

What is a major cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency?

What type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and adult onset?

Which condition is associated with hyperthyroidism and exophthalmos?

What is the primary cause of Conn syndrome?

What is the most common acute complication of type 1 diabetes?

What percentage of total body weight is water in males?

Which hormone is primarily responsible for water retention by increasing kidney reabsorption of water?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of excessive fluid loss leading to dehydration?

What is the primary cause of hypernatraemia?

Which of the following is a symptom of hyponatraemia?

A patient presents with peaked T waves on an ECG. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely responsible?

What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)?

Which condition is characterized by carpal spasm induced by inflation of a blood pressure cuff (Trousseau’s sign)?

Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic acidosis?

Which of the following conditions is caused by alveolar hyperventilation?

What is the primary cause of Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)?

Which of the following is a major contributing factor to acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?

Which coronary artery supplies the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

What is the most common early complication of myocardial infarction (MI)?

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for myocardial infarction?

Which condition is characterized by chest pain that occurs predictably with exertion and resolves with rest?

What is the primary hormone involved in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

Which of the following is a common cause of secondary hypertension?

What is the main consequence of untreated hypertension on the heart?

What condition occurs when blood accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impairing its function?

Which type of cells have excellent regenerative ability and a high turnover rate?

What phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

Which of the following is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

What is the primary cause of agenesis?

What hormone primarily influences fetal growth by promoting cellular growth and metabolism?

Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus?

What is the primary cause of glycogen storage diseases?

Which vitamin is fat-soluble and can be toxic in excess?

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in which protein?

What condition results from a lack of protein but adequate energy intake in children?

What is a common occupational exposure that increases the risk of mesothelioma?

What is the effect of leptin on energy balance?

Which radiation type causes ionization and potential DNA damage?

What is a major health consequence of tobacco smoking?

Which enzyme deficiency causes albinism?

Which hormone primarily regulates erythropoiesis?

What is the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia?

Which of the following is a feature of megaloblastic anemia?

What is a common symptom of polycythemia?

Which of the following is a common feature of haemolytic anemia?

Which condition is characterized by low bone mineral density with normal mineralization?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of osteoarthritis?

What is the primary cause of rickets in children?

Which of the following is an example of a primary bone tumor?

What is a typical complication of osteoporosis?

Which of the following is a systemic inflammatory disorder involving joints, often associated with rheumatoid factor?

Which of the following factors increases the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?

What is the most common joint affected in acute gout?

Which of the following is the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is most commonly associated with which risk factor?

What condition is characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas and transmural inflammation?

Which of the following types of hepatitis has the highest likelihood of progressing to chronic disease?

What is the most common site of adenocarcinoma in the stomach?

What is the hallmark histological feature of ulcerative colitis?

What is the primary diagnostic test for celiac disease?

Which of the following complications is most commonly associated with diverticulitis?

Which of the following types of jaundice is caused by obstruction of bile flow?

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer?

The presence of HBsAg in a patient indicates what stage of hepatitis B infection?

Which of the following is a feature of acute pancreatitis?

Which condition is characterized by skip lesions in the gastrointestinal tract?

What is the key characteristic that differentiates malignant tumors from benign tumors?

Which term refers to a benign tumor of glandular tissue?

Which of the following genetic mutations is associated with uncontrolled cell replication in cancer?

What is the most common pathway for the spread of carcinomas?

Which stage of cancer development refers to abnormal cell growth that has not yet invaded surrounding tissues?

Which of the following is a hallmark feature of malignant tumors?

What is the primary route of metastasis for sarcomas?

Which of the following tumor types originates from connective tissue?

What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer prevention?

Which term describes cancer that has spread from its primary site to distant organs?

What is the primary component of the atheromatous core in atherosclerosis?

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?

What is the primary mechanism behind the formation of atherosclerotic plaques?

Which of the following arteries is commonly affected by atherosclerosis?

Which of the following is the primary characteristic cell involved in acute inflammation?

What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in inflammation?

Which of the following is a feature of chronic inflammation?

Which mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation during the inflammatory response?

What is the hallmark histological feature of granulomatous inflammation?

Which of the following is an example of reversible cell injury?

What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

Which of the following cellular adaptations involves an increase in cell number?

What is a common consequence of reperfusion injury?

Which of the following accumulations is commonly seen in the liver due to alcohol abuse?

Which of the following bacteria is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

What is the most common risk factor for urinary bladder malignancy?

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) most commonly affects which part of the prostate?

Which of the following is the most common presentation of urinary bladder malignancy?

Testicular torsion primarily affects which age group?

Which of the following is considered a premalignant skin lesion?

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Which of the following is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma?

What is the hallmark feature of melanoma using the ABCDE rule?

What is the primary treatment for malignant melanoma?

Which virus is most commonly associated with cervical cancer?

Which of the following is a common risk factor for endometrial carcinoma?

What is the most common benign tumor of the uterus?

Which ovarian tumor type is most frequently encountered?

What is the hallmark symptom of endometrial carcinoma?

Which breast cancer type is the most common?

What screening test is commonly used for cervical cancer detection?

Which of the following breast conditions is typically benign?

What is a common characteristic of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

What is the primary method of treatment for early-stage cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)?

Which of the following is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome?

What is the most common type of renal stone?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hypertensive kidney disease?

What is the most common risk factor for renal cell carcinoma?

Which bacteria is most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis?