Untitled Quiz

Motivation and Emotion

• Motivation is a process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigour of goal-directed behaviour.
• Psychologists identify factors that motivate us towards our goals. This can include obtaining food, a mate, success, or peace and quiet.
• Instinct theory: an inherited predisposition to behave in a specific and predictable way when exposed to a stimulus.
• Modern evolutionary psychologists propose that many psychological motives have evolutionary underpinnings.
• Homeostasis is a state of internal physiological equilibrium.
• Drive theory suggests that all reinforcement involves some kind of drive reduction. Drives are states of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in a way that reduces this tension.
• Incentives are environmental stimuli that pull an organism towards a goal.
• Incentive theory focuses on external stimuli that motivate behaviour.
• Intrinsic motivation: performing an activity for its own sake (e.g., enjoying it).
• Extrinsic motivation: performing an activity for external rewards or to avoid punishment.

Hunger and Weight Regulation

• Metabolism: the body's rate of energy utilization.
• Short-term signals start meals by producing hunger, and stop food intake by producing satiety.
• Long-term signals are based on body fat.
• Many think hunger occurs when energy is low, and we feel full when immediate energy supplies are restored.
• Hunger is not necessarily linked to immediate energy needs.
• Homeostatic mechanisms are designed to prevent us from running low on energy.
• Signals that start and stop meals (e.g., muscle stomach contractions, glucose levels).

Sexual Motivation

• Adolescents may feel pressured to have sex.
• Most women think of sex as an unenjoyable marital duty.
• People engage in sex for various reasons: reproduction, pleasure, expressing love, fostering intimacy, etc.
• There are four phases in the sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
• Hormones influence sexual desire and behavior: androgens and estrogens.
• Physiological arousal plays a role in sexual motivation.
• Psychological factors influence arousal or inhibit arousal (e.g., stress, fatigue).
• Culture affects attitudes and behaviors related to sex.

Cultural Influences on Eating

• Western cultures teach women to view their bodies as objects, leading to increased body shame and anxiety and eating restrictions.
• Increasing body shame and anxiety leads to eating restrictions.
• Food availability and poverty affect eating behaviors; abundant, low-cost, calorie rich, and processed foods are often readily available and lead to increased consumption.

Achievement Motivation

• Need for achievement: desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence.
• Mastery orientation: focus is on personal improvement and perfecting new skills.
• Performance orientation: focus on outperforming others.
• High-need achievers are most likely to strive for success when they perceive themselves as personally responsible for the outcome and perceive some risk of success.

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange theory: emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events; our interpretation of physical responses results in an emotional experience.
• Cannon-Bard theory: stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur simultaneously.
• Schachter's two-factor theory: emotion involves physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

Deception Detection

• Nonverbal behavior, such as eye contact, and paralanguage (tone of voice) can indicate deception.

Additional Topics

• Biological control of emotions
• Basic emotions
• Facial expressions of emotion