Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary ovarian hormone produced during proestrus and estrous phases of the cycle?
What is the primary ovarian hormone produced during proestrus and estrous phases of the cycle?
Which domestic animal species is known for inducing ovulation through mating?
Which domestic animal species is known for inducing ovulation through mating?
During which phase of the estrous cycle is the corpus luteum fully functional and secreting high levels of progesterone?
During which phase of the estrous cycle is the corpus luteum fully functional and secreting high levels of progesterone?
Which hormone is primarily influenced by melatonin for controlling reproductive activity in seasonal breeders?
Which hormone is primarily influenced by melatonin for controlling reproductive activity in seasonal breeders?
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What happens during metestrus in the estrous cycle?
What happens during metestrus in the estrous cycle?
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Which of the following is TRUE about the anestrus phase?
Which of the following is TRUE about the anestrus phase?
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What role does the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis play in the reproductive cycle?
What role does the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis play in the reproductive cycle?
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Which of these factors does NOT influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?
Which of these factors does NOT influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?
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In which phase of the estrous cycle is mucus secretion reduced significantly?
In which phase of the estrous cycle is mucus secretion reduced significantly?
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What is the role of kisspeptin in the reproductive cycle?
What is the role of kisspeptin in the reproductive cycle?
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What is the primary focus of Veterinary Gynecology?
What is the primary focus of Veterinary Gynecology?
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What is the primary purpose of proestrus in the estrous cycle?
What is the primary purpose of proestrus in the estrous cycle?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proestrus?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proestrus?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of the estrous cycle?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the estrous cycle?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about the female reproductive cycle in animals?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the female reproductive cycle in animals?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a female animal to reproduce?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a female animal to reproduce?
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What is the term for the phase in the estrous cycle where the female is receptive to mating?
What is the term for the phase in the estrous cycle where the female is receptive to mating?
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What physiological changes occur in the female reproductive system during proestrus?
What physiological changes occur in the female reproductive system during proestrus?
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Flashcards
Estrous Cycle
Estrous Cycle
The series of phases in female mammals' reproductive cycle, marked by onset and end points.
Follicular Phase
Follicular Phase
The phase including proestrus and estrous characterized by follicular growth and estradiol production.
Proestrus
Proestrus
The phase leading up to estrus characterized by follicular development before ovulation.
Ovulation Induction
Ovulation Induction
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Metestrus
Metestrus
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Diestrus
Diestrus
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Anestrus
Anestrus
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
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Seasonal Breeders
Seasonal Breeders
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Kisspeptin
Kisspeptin
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Theriogenology
Theriogenology
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Veterinary Obstetrics
Veterinary Obstetrics
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Veterinary Gynecology
Veterinary Gynecology
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Andrology
Andrology
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Graafian Follicles
Graafian Follicles
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Study Notes
Theriogenology
- Branch of Veterinary Medicine focusing on animal reproduction (physiology & pathology) and clinical practice (obstetrics, gynecology, andrology).
Veterinary Obstetrics
- Deals with medical and surgical care of female animals throughout breeding, gestation, labor, puerperium, and neonatal care.
Veterinary Gynecology
- Focuses on diseases of female reproductive organs (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and their treatment/prevention.
Andrology
- Medical specialty addressing male reproductive health issues.
Reproductive Physiology of the Female
- Most animals breed once a year, with parturition timing linked to optimal conditions for offspring.
- Neonatal period coincides with increased light/warmth and abundant maternal food.
- Reproduction requires: mating, attraction of the male, and sexual receptivity (estrus).
Estrous Cycle
- Animals have recurring periods of sexual receptivity (estrus cycles).
- Ovulation (release of oocyte) occurs in follicles ripening in the ovaries.
Phases
-
Proestrus:
- Increased reproductive activity;
- Follicle maturation/corpus luteum regression (polycyclic species);
- Uterus enlarges slightly, endometrium congested/edematous, increased gland activity;
- Vaginal mucosa hyperemic; epithelium layer increase/cornification;
- External visible signs in bitches (vulvar edema, hyperemia, discharge).
-
Estrus:
- Period of mating acceptance;
- Onset/end accurately pinpoint cycle length;
- Female seeks out male;
- Increased mucus secretion from uterine/cervical/vaginal glands;
- Vaginal/endometrial hyperemia/congestion; relaxed cervix;
- Ovulation occurs in all species except cows (approximately 12 hrs post-estrus end).
-
Metestrus:
- Phase following estrus;
- Luteinization (follicle cells transform into lutein cells, forming corpus luteum);
- Reduced mucus secretion from genital glands.
-
Diestrus:
- Corpus luteum functional phase;
- Increased uterine gland activity (hyperplasia and hypertrophy);
- Tightened cervix;
- Reduced/sticky secretions;
- Pale vaginal mucosa;
- Elevated progesterone levels from functional CL.
- Luteal (CL) phase; differentiating it from follicular phase.
-
Polyestrous Species:
- Cycle divided into estrus, interoestrus, proestrus, metestrus, and diestrus.
-
Anestrus:
- Prolonged period of sexual rest;
- Genital system quiescent; minimal follicular development;
- Regressed/nonfunctional CL;
- Scant/tenacious secretions; contracted cervix; pale vaginal mucosa.
Natural Regulation of Cyclical Activity
-
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis (HPO): central control of cyclical activity.
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Extrahypothalamic influences: cerebral cortex, thalamus, midbrain (light, olfaction, touch).
-
Uterine influence on the ovary.
-
Factors impacting cyclical activity:
- Seasonality
- Hypothalamic/Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Folliculogenesis
- Ovarian steroids
- Ovulation, Corpus luteum formation
- Luteolysis (corpus luteum regression)
- Leptin
- Insulin-like growth factors system
- Prolactin
- Role of opioids
- Ovarian reserve and aging.
-
Seasonal Regulation:
- Pineal gland (melatonin) regulates reproductive activity in seasonal breeders (short vs. long days).
- Melatonin levels (increased darkness) drive response in short day breeders (goats, sheep).
- Decreasing melatonin drives stimulation in long day breeders (horses).
-
Hypothalamic Regulation
- Kisspeptin (neuropeptide): gatekeeper for GnRH release; affecting puberty timing and gonadotrophin secretion in seasonal breeders.
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Description
Test your knowledge on theriogenology, the branch of veterinary medicine focused on animal reproduction. This quiz covers key areas such as veterinary obstetrics, gynecology, andrology, and reproductive physiology. Understand the complexities of animal reproduction and the importance of each specialty in ensuring the health of female and male animals.
