Veterinary Public Health: Heat Stress Effects on Gastrointestinal Tract
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Questions and Answers

What is the main effect of heat stress on the gastrointestinal tract in ruminants?

  • Increased short-chain fatty acid metabolism
  • Improved nutrient absorption
  • Increased feed intake
  • Reduced barrier function (correct)
  • What is the primary function of the rumen epithelium?

  • Hormone regulation
  • Nutrient absorption and transport (correct)
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Protein synthesis
  • What are the sources of endotoxins?

  • Fungi
  • Gram-negative bacteria (correct)
  • Viruses
  • Gram-positive bacteria
  • What is the toxic part of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)?

    <p>Lipid A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rumen and intestine barrier during heat stress?

    <p>It is disrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the translocation of toxins and unwanted metabolites into the blood circulation?

    <p>Endotoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cell layers does the intestinal epithelium have?

    <p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released during lysis of Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Endotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of installing fans and sprinklers above the feed tools?

    <p>To increase the consumption of feed by the animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to provide sufficient areas for feeding and drinking?

    <p>To prevent overcrowding around the barns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedstuff is recommended to provide to animals during heat stress?

    <p>Non-concentrated feed like hay or barley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to avoid high feed temperature during heat stress?

    <p>To reduce the heat stress caused by high feed temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended feeding strategy during heat stress?

    <p>Increasing the frequency of feeding with small quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to separate small animals from large and pregnant females?

    <p>To provide feed specific to each breed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of heat stress on the rumen in cattle?

    <p>Sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the barrier in healthy animals?

    <p>To prevent endotoxins from entering the blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended temperature of water for cattle in hot weather?

    <p>Cold water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of heat stress on the animal's energy resources?

    <p>Energy is redirected from growth and milk production to the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of heat stress on the concentration of endotoxins in the blood circulation?

    <p>Massive increase in concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended placement of water troughs in hot weather?

    <p>At a suitable level with shaded places</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of LPS-binding protein in the inflammatory response to heat stress?

    <p>To bind to endotoxins and trigger an inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate consequence of heat stress on the animal's performance?

    <p>Reduced reproductive performance and energy availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of putting water tanks under umbrellas?

    <p>To avoid exposure to direct sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amount of feed consumed by animals in hot weather?

    <p>Amount of energy in the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage of protein content in animal diets during hot weather?

    <p>17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding fiber to animal diets?

    <p>To support normal digestive functioning of the rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum percentage of fat that can be added to animal diets?

    <p>5-6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to provide adequate shade for animals?

    <p>To lower the body temperature and respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of designing animal houses with high roofs and gradual slopes?

    <p>To stimulate air flow and reduce thermal transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of adding oily seeds such as whole soya cotton seeds to animal diets?

    <p>To provide a good source of oil and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Effects of Heat Stress on the Gastrointestinal Tract

    • Heat stress affects the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in ruminants, by:
      • Reducing feed intake
      • Releasing heat shock proteins and cytokines
      • Disrupting the rumen and intestinal epithelium barrier
    • This disruption can lead to the translocation of toxins (endotoxins, mycotoxins) and unwanted metabolites (biogenic amines like histamine) into the blood circulation

    Endotoxins

    • Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
    • The lipid A part of LPS is the toxic component
    • Endotoxins are released during bacterial lysis and are always present in the rumen due to the presence of Gram-negative bacteria

    Temperature Ranges and Cow Health

    • Different temperature ranges can affect cow health, including:
      • Mild heat stress: 23°C - 26°C
      • Moderate heat stress: 26°C - 31°C
      • Severe heat stress: 31°C - 37°C
      • Emergency heat stress: ≥ 37°C

    Heat Stress and Sub-Acute Rumen Acidosis (SARA)

    • Heat stress can lead to SARA, which can cause a massive increase in endotoxin concentration
    • In healthy animals, the barrier prevents endotoxins from entering the circulation, but heat stress can impair this barrier, leading to an inflammatory response

    The Inflammatory Response

    • Heat stress can trigger an inflammatory response, characterized by the release of:
      • Cytokines (histamines)
      • Acute phase proteins (haptoglobin)
      • Heat shock proteins
      • LPS-binding protein
    • This response consumes a lot of energy, which the animal cannot use for growth, milk production, or reproductive performance

    Practical Management to Reduce Heat Stress Effects

    Nutritional System in Hot Weather

    • Water consumption:
      • Provide clean, fresh water in suitable quantities
      • Offer cold water to soothe and stimulate the cows
      • Ensure easy access to water with shaded areas and umbrellas to protect from direct sunlight
    • Feedstuffs:
      • Provide high-energy, protein-rich feed
      • Increase energy, protein, and fiber in the diet
      • Add fat to the diet (up to 5-6% of dry matter) from sources like oily seeds
      • Limit protein content to 17% or less in hot weather
      • Provide fiber for normal rumen functioning
      • Add mineral elements and vitamins, especially sodium, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins C and A

    Other Practical Management Strategies

    • Ensure appropriate shade to lower body temperature and respiratory rate
    • Design animal houses with high, sloping roofs to stimulate air flow and reduce heat transfer
    • Avoid direct sunlight entry into animal houses
    • Use fans with sprinklers to moisturize and evaporate the animal's surface, reducing body heat
    • Provide sufficient feeding and drinking areas, and avoid crowding
    • Offer non-concentrated feedstuffs like hay and sweet clover hay
    • Increase food intake with small quantities, multiple times a day
    • Avoid high feed temperature and spoilage, and prevent external parasites
    • Separate small animals, large animals, and pregnant females, and provide breed-specific feed
    • Process grains before serving, such as crushing or grinding, and ensure complete mixing of foodstuffs

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    Description

    This quiz covers the effects of heat stress on the gastrointestinal tract in ruminants, including reduced feed intake and protein release. Designed for undergraduate students in the second stage of veterinary public health studies.

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