Veterinary Oncology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What does a negative result from the ELISA test suggest regarding FIP?

FIP can be confirmed.

FIP is highly probable.

FIP is likely present.

FIP is unlikely. (correct)

What is the primary limitation of the RT-PCR test in detecting FCoV?

It provides no results for positive cases.

It is not useful for detecting FCoV in blood.

It can only detect FCoV in feces.

It does not differentiate between mutated and non-mutated forms. (correct)

Which test's positive results might suggest the presence of FCoV?

Physical examination.

ELISA.

RT-PCR. (correct)

Rivalta Test.

What is a significant characteristic of the Rivalta Test mentioned?

It has a variable Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV). Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive result from RT-PCR generally indicate?

FCoV presence is likely. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of histopathology in diagnosing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?

To confirm the presence of lesions characteristic of FIP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of virulent Feline Coronavirus (FCV)?

Oral ulcers and conjunctivitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding treatment for FIP is accurate?

No treatment has been shown to reduce the risk of FIP in infected cats. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common signs associated with FHV infection in cats?

Sneezing, lacrimation, and naso-ocular discharge Signup and view all the answers

What does a high positive predictive value (PPV) indicate about the immunofluorescent stain of coronavirus in effusion?

The test accurately indicates a true positive case of a coronavirus infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathogenic mechanism behind feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)?

FCoV mutates and infects macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of cats exhibits the highest risk for developing FIP?

Young cats aged 6 months to 3 years. Signup and view all the answers

How does the feline coronavirus (FCoV) primarily spread?

Via oronasal contact with infected feces. Signup and view all the answers

What role do stress and immunosuppression play in the progression of FCoV?

They increase the probability of virus mutation in the intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical progression of symptoms in cats affected by FIP?

Clinical signs develop and progress rapidly, often resulting in death within a few weeks. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with an increased susceptibility to FIP?

Living in a single cat household. Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for feline infectious peritonitis?

Variable, ranging from a few weeks to several years. Signup and view all the answers

What is the survival time of FCoV in dried feces?

7 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the spontaneous regression of M. Histiocytoma?

Immune response in young dogs Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding melanoma in animals?

Tumors in the skin are usually benign. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes transmissible venereal tumors from other tumors?

They are transmitted through direct contact. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical location for M. Histiocytoma?

On the external genitalia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment option for transmissible venereal tumors?

Surgery or vincristine chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of M. Histiocytoma?

Button-like lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor typically occurs in young dogs aged 1 to 3 years?

M. Histiocytoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the common appearance of melanoma in animals?

Brown to black pigmented nodules Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics define the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)?

It is a lentivirus with an outer envelope and nuclear capsid. Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most affected by FIV?

Cats aged 6 years and older Signup and view all the answers

Which method of transmission is least common for FIV?

Airborne transmission through respiratory droplets. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of FIV on T lymphocytes?

Loss of CD4+ lymphocytes and inversion of CD4-CD8 ratio. Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is vaccination against FIV not recommended?

For adult indoor cats with no exposure to infected cats. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done in a FIV-positive cattery to control spread?

Follow a test and removal program for infected cats. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about FIV vaccination is true?

Vaccination is not 100% effective. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct description of the latent period associated with FIV?

It can last for years before symptoms appear. Signup and view all the answers

Which virus persists in carriers for life and sheds intermittently for approximately 2 weeks?

Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV) Signup and view all the answers

Which disinfectant is preferred for neutralizing feline calicivirus (FCV) due to its resistance outside the host?

Bleach Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is more commonly associated with feline herpesvirus (FHV) infection?

Corneal ulceration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic methods is most beneficial for the confirmation of feline herpesvirus (FHV)?

Direct immunofluorescence Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum shedding period for Chlamydia felis in infected cats?

18 months Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the use of antibiotics in treating CIRDC infections?

Antibiotics are only necessary if bacterial pneumonia is evident. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration when interpreting PCR results in recently vaccinated dogs?

PCR can falsely indicate the presence of bronchi problems. Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of coughs in dogs, which option is correct regarding productive and non-productive cough management?

Hydrocodone and butorphanol can be used for non-productive coughs. Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is appropriate for identifying viral causes of respiratory issues?

Nasopharyngeal or tracheal swabs can isolate specific viruses like CPIV. Signup and view all the answers

When vaccinating dogs, what is a critical vaccine consideration for high-risk animals?

Killed Bordetella vaccines may be considered for high-risk animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these animals is NOT known to be susceptible to Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)?

Cheetahs Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical clinical course duration for dogs infected with CDV?

7 to 14 days Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a rapid immune response have on the outcome of CDV infection?

It results in complete recovery within 14 days. Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is likely to show neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift in dogs with CDV if pneumonia is present?

Complete blood cell count (CBC) Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended treatment for dogs with nasal discharge related to suspected CIRDC without systemic pneumonia signs?

Humidity air and buffered nasal saline drops Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for canine distemper virus (CDV)?

Inhalation of droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the treatment for canine Bordetella infection is correct?

Doxycycline is commonly used for treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most susceptible to canine distemper virus (CDV)?

Dogs aged 2 to 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of immunity provided by Bordetella vaccination?

6 months or less Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions indicates the need for aggressive treatment in Bordetella infection?

Presence of pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine stimulates local immunity and has a rapid onset of protection against Bordetella?

Intranasal vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of a rapid immune response to canine distemper virus (CDV)?

Complete recovery with no clinical illness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical environmental consideration for controlling the spread of canine Bordetella?

Ensuring proper ventilation in kennels Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the 'gold standard' for confirming positive test results in feline infections?

Virus Isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the IFA test for p27 antigen detection?

It may yield negative results during early infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for indoor cats that have no exposure to infected cats?

Vaccination is not recommended. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments has been noted for some effectiveness in feline infections?

Zidovudine (AZT) and interferon therapies Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken regarding vaccination sites in cats?

Local swelling may develop and lead to sarcomas. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Histiocytoma

Originates from monocyte or macrophage cells in the skin.
Usually found on the head, round, alopecic, and pink.
Commonly seen in young dogs (1 to 3 years old).
Most regress spontaneously within 4 to 8 weeks, but may require surgical removal if they do not.

Melanoma

Originates from melanocytes or melanoblasts.
Usually brown to black pigmented nodules on the face, trunk, feet, mucocutaneous regions, and nail beds.
More common in dogs than in cats.
Tumors in the skin are usually benign; tumors of mucocutaneous regions are usually malignant.
Surgery is the treatment of choice. Recurrence and metastases are common.

Transmissible Venereal Tumor

Transmitted via mating or close contact.
Occur on the external genitalia and face.
May be multiple, friable, ulcerated, and cauliflower-like masses.
Treatment options include surgery, vincristine chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

RNA virus with outer envelope and nuclear capsid.
Subtype A is common in the western United States; subtype B is common in the eastern United States.
Affects all ages, but most prevalent in cats 6 years of age or older.
More prevalent in male cats.
Infects T lymphocytes, leading to loss of CD4+ lymphocytes and inversion of the CD4-CD8 ratio.
Latent period can last for years.
Vaccination is available but considered "non-core".

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

Lentivirus subfamily of retrovirus.
Higher prevalence in free-roaming stray cats.
Transmitted via saliva, most commonly through bite wounds, and contaminated blood transfusions.
Infects B cells, CD4+, CD8+, macrophages.
Platelets are least likely to be affected.
Vaccination is available but considered "non-core".

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Caused by a mutated form of feline coronavirus (FCoV) that replicates in macrophages.
FCoV is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus that infects respiratory and GI tracts.
Seroprevalence for FCoV is high, but few cats develop FIP.
Young cats (6 months to 3 years) are at increased risk.
Cats in catteries, shelters, or multiple cat households are at higher risk.
Transmission is through oronasal contact with infected feces.
FCoV can survive for 7 weeks in dried feces and can be transmitted via fomites.
Carriers of FCoV can shed the virus in feces for 10 months.
Cats with FIP shed the non-mutated form of FCoV.
Incubation period is variable, ranging from a few weeks to several years.
Once clinical signs develop, FIP is progressive and often fatal within 3 to 6 weeks.
Prolonged illness for 6 months or longer is possible.

Coronavirus and Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Immunofluorescent stain of Coronavirus in macrophages in effusion has a high PPV (100%) and low NPV (57%).
Virulent Feline Coronavirus (FCV) can cause oral ulcers, conjunctivitis, fever, edema, ulcerative dermatitis, and increased mortality.
Histopathology is definitive for confirmation of FIP.
Lesions of vasculitis and pyogranulomatous inflammation are characteristic of FIP.
FCoV can be identified in tissue specimens by PCR and IFA.
Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry are definitive for effusive FIP.
No treatment has been shown to reduce the risk of FIP in cats with FCOV.
Antiviral drugs and immunomodulators have not been successful.

Feline Infectious Respiratory Disease

Caused by viruses (FHV, FVR, FCV), bacteria (Chlamydia felis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma felis), and potentially other pathogens.
Transmitted via aerosol infection, direct contact, or fomites.
FHV survives about 24 hours outside the host and is susceptible to drying and most disinfectants.
FCV survives 8 to 10 days outside the host; bleach is the preferred disinfectant.
Cats that have recovered from FHV and FCV become subclinical carriers.
FHV persists for life, carriers shed virus intermittently for approximately 2 weeks.
FCV is shed for months to years.
Chlamydophila felis can be shed for up to 18 months.
Bordetella bronchiseptica can be shed for up to 5 months.

Small Animal Medicine

PCR can falsely indicate the presence of bronchi problems in recently vaccinated dogs.
CIRDC Infections are mostly viral and self-limiting (1-2 weeks).
Amoxiclav cannot penetrate the blood-bronchus barrier.
Antibiotics should only be used if bacterial pneumonia is evident.

Canine Distemper

Caused by RNA Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family.
Occurs worldwide, with the highest incidence in dogs 2 to 6 months of age.
Canidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, large Felidae, bears, pandas, hyenas are all susceptible.
Transmission primarily through inhalation, but virus is shed in all secretions and excretions.
Virus is shed for up to 1 to 2 weeks after recovery.
CDV does not survive for more than a few days in the environment and is easily killed by disinfectants.

Canine Bordetella

Caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica.
Highly contagious, transmitted via respiratory secretions or fomites.
More common in dogs confined to facilities with poor ventilation.
Intranasal vaccines stimulate local immunity, rapid onset of protection, and minimal interference from maternal antibodies.

Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

Lions, ocelots, bears, pandas, and hyenas are susceptible to CDV.
Transmission is primarily through inhalation, but virus is shed in all secretions and excretions.
Virus is shed for up to 2 weeks after recovery.
CDV does not survive long in the environment; easily killed.
Disease course is over a 2-week period.
After infection of the upper respiratory tract, CDV spreads to lymphoid tissues (liver, spleen, GI tract), causing immunosuppression.
Viremia (virus in the blood) occurs and spreads to epithelial tissues and the central nervous system (CNS).
Outcome depends on the immune response:
- Rapid immune response leads to rapid elimination of CDV and complete recovery (within 14 days).
- Partial immune response leads to mild signs and recovery, with possible neurologic sign development from central nervous system localization.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of common tumors in pets, focusing on histiocytoma, melanoma, transmissible venereal tumor, and feline leukemia virus. Learn about their origins, characteristics, and treatment options. Perfect for veterinary students and pet owners alike.