Veterinary Medicine 1 - Large Animal Surgery
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Questions and Answers

Which type of surgical site preparation is essential before a procedure?

  • Hair removal and disinfectant application (correct)
  • Covering the patient with drapes without prior prep
  • Using sterile gloves only
  • Cleaning and disinfecting the entire patient

What is the primary reason for using intra-peritoneal antibiotics?

  • To provide overall body support
  • To reduce the risk of infection directly at the site (correct)
  • To sterilize the entire body
  • To eliminate the need for other medications

Which of the following factors is NOT essential for post-operative care?

  • Accessibility to food and water
  • Isolation from other animals
  • Performance of surgery site dressing changes (correct)
  • Protection from bullying by other animals

What is the potential downside of using antibiotic sprays during surgery?

<p>They could increase the risk of adhesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cleaning method is considered ideal for the surgical team prior to a procedure?

<p>Scrubbing with chlorhexidine followed by drying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure is commonly performed on cattle to correct the positioning of the abomasum?

<p>Right displaced abomasum correction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common surgical procedure performed on sheep?

<p>Castration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration during the aftercare of in-field surgical procedures performed on pigs?

<p>Thermoregulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is commonly performed on alpacas?

<p>Tooth root abscess treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of castration is described as commonly done in pigs prior to slaughter?

<p>Closed castration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly used for local anaesthesia in a Caesarean section for cattle?

<p>Xylazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is essential for maintaining a sterile environment during a surgical procedure?

<p>Sterile drapes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a necessary step in the preparation for field surgery?

<p>Clip the surgical site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using antiseptic like Chlorhexidine before surgery?

<p>To disinfect the surgical site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Dopram in veterinary surgeries?

<p>To stimulate breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In field surgery, why is physical restraint important?

<p>It minimizes the risk of injury to the staff. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When preparing a surgical site, which step follows cleaning the surgical site?

<p>Open surgical kit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically included in the equipment for a Caesarean section on a cow?

<p>Feeding trough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step should be performed first in reducing infection risk during surgical preparation?

<p>Initial clean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using iodine-povidone during surgical preparation?

<p>To inactivate microbes quickly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should razor blades be avoided during aseptic preparation?

<p>They can disrupt the epidermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for the surgical scrub technique?

<p>Using a new surgical kit for each procedure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor minimizes the effectiveness of iodine-povidone during surgery?

<p>Organic debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the sterile preparation phase?

<p>Wearing sterile gloves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of draping in surgical preparation?

<p>To isolate the surgical site from contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent has less susceptibility to inactivation by organic debris during aseptic preparation?

<p>Chlorhexidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum age for a pig to undergo tail docking?

<p>7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be administered when performing castration on pigs aged 7 days or over?

<p>Anaesthetic and prolonged analgesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met before performing tooth reduction in pigs?

<p>Environmental conditions must be improved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is allowed to perform tail docking on pigs older than 7 days?

<p>A veterinary surgeon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding tusk trimming in pigs?

<p>It may only be done to prevent injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a typical reason for performing surgeries in equines in the field?

<p>Cryptorchid procedures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure must not involve tearing of tissues during execution?

<p>Castration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur if tail-biting and vices are still observed despite improved management systems?

<p>Tooth reduction may be performed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of conducting surgery in the field rather than in a theater?

<p>Lower overall costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common risk associated with field surgery?

<p>Limited resources and supplies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the preparation for field surgery?

<p>Informed owner and signed consent form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should cases be evaluated for field surgery versus referral?

<p>The value of the animal and cost of aftercare must be considered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is important for managing postoperative care in field surgery?

<p>Fluids and antibiotic therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following weighs the least among the large animals discussed?

<p>Ewe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure requires a veterinary surgeon to conduct it in cattle according to the regulations?

<p>Surgical castration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor to consider when making decisions about field surgery?

<p>Safety of the animal and the surgeon involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Left Displaced Abomasum Correction

A surgical procedure performed on cattle to correct a condition where the abomasum (the fourth stomach compartment) shifts from its normal position to the left side of the abdomen.

Right Displaced Abomasum Correction

A surgical procedure performed on cattle to correct a condition where the abomasum (the fourth stomach compartment) shifts from its normal position to the right side of the abdomen.

Caesarean Section

A surgical procedure performed on animals to deliver offspring when vaginal delivery is impossible or risky.

Exploratory Laparotomy/Rumenotomy

A surgical procedure involving opening the abdominal cavity to diagnose and treat various conditions, including infections, foreign bodies, or trauma.

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Displaced/Torsion of Cecum

A surgical procedure involving surgically opening the abdomen to correct a condition where the cecum (a pouch-like structure in the digestive system) is displaced or twisted.

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Field Surgery

Surgical procedures performed on-site, typically within the animal's natural environment, like a farm or field.

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Benefits of Field Surgery

The advantages of performing surgery in the field, including lower cost, convenience for the animal, and maintaining biosecurity on the farm.

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Risks of Field Surgery

The potential drawbacks of field surgery, including increased risk of infection, limited resources available, and health and safety concerns for the surgeon and assistants.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis in Field Surgery

The assessment of the cost involved in treating the animal versus the potential benefit of a surgical procedure, considering the animal's value, cost of the procedure, aftercare, and slaughter value.

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Informed Consent in Field Surgery

The importance of obtaining informed consent from the owner, outlining the procedures and potential risks involved in the field surgery.

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Regulations for Cattle Castration

The regulations governing surgical castration in cattle emphasizing that it must be performed only by a qualified veterinarian.

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Tail Docking Regulations in Pigs

The legal restrictions on tail docking in pigs, allowing it only as a last resort to prevent tail biting when other preventative measures have failed.

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Weight of Large Animals

The weight of common large animal species, which is important for determining the appropriate anesthetic and surgical procedures.

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Tooth Reduction (Tooth Clipping)

A procedure where the corner teeth of pigs are uniformly reduced by grinding or clipping, leaving a smooth surface.

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Tail Docking

The removal of a pig's tail, which must be done quickly and completely.

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Castration in Pigs

A surgical procedure that can only be performed on pigs under 7 days old and requires specific expertise.

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Tusk Trimming

A procedure done to prevent injuries caused by a pig's tusks, but only when necessary to ensure the safety of other animals.

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Tail Docking or Castration in Pigs

This procedure can only be done by a veterinarian or experienced individual, and only for pigs under 7 days old.

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DEFRA - Code of Practice for the Welfare of Pigs (2020)

A code of practice for the welfare of pigs, outlining regulations and guidelines for pig farming in the UK.

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Equine Field Surgery

Surgical procedures that are often performed on horses, but are only done in the field for emergencies like castration, stitched wounds, and other urgent needs.

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Cryptorchidism

A surgical procedure in horses that requires specialized skills and is usually done at an equine hospital or clinic.

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Ovario-hysterectomy

A surgical procedure involving the removal of both the ovaries and uterus.

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Entropion

A condition where the eyelid turns inward, potentially irritating the eye.

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Caesarean section in a cow

A surgical procedure to deliver a calf from the uterus of a cow.

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NSAIDs

A drug category that reduces pain and inflammation.

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Oxytocin

A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions, often used to induce labor.

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Dopram

A drug that stimulates breathing, often used to counteract respiratory depression.

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Xylazine

A drug that sedates and relaxes muscles.

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Antibiotics

Drugs used to prevent or treat infections.

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Surgical Site Preparation

Involves preparing the surgical site, including cleaning, disinfecting, and hair removal, to create a sterile environment for surgery.

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Disinfection in Surgery

Utilizes disinfectants like povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine to eliminate microbes from the surgical site.

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Surgical Site Zones

Dividing the surgical site into three zones: Zone 1 (surgical site), Zone 2 (around the surgical site), and Zone 3 (junction of clipped and non-clipped area), to ensure a sterile environment.

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Essential Surgical Hygiene

Cleanliness is a key aspect of surgical procedures, involving thorough scrubbing, disinfecting, and the use of sterile gloves and gowns.

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Surgical Drapes

Used to cover and isolate the surgical site, creating a barrier between the surgical area and the environment, further reducing the risk of contamination.

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Crush

A method of restraining an animal by using a device that crushes or compresses a portion of the body, usually the head, to limit movement. This technique is commonly used for short durations and can involve a variety of devices like crush cages or specialized crushing tools.

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Swing Gate

A gate designed to swing on a hinge or pivot, allowing for controlled entry or exit. These gates are commonly used in animal husbandry settings to separate animal groups or areas.

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Casting

The process of pouring molten metal into a mold to create a desired shape. It is a common manufacturing process for creating various animal handling tools and equipment.

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Chemical Restraint

A method of restraint that uses a chemical agent, usually a tranquilizer or sedative, to calm an animal. It involves injecting or administering the medication to temporarily reduce the animal's alertness and activity.

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Sedation

A method of restraint that involves administering a drug that reduces anxiety, alertness, and activity in an animal. It is often used in conjunction with other forms of restraint to facilitate procedures or improve animal welfare.

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Tail Immobilisation

A method of restraining an animal by immobilizing its tail, often by securing it to a post or restraint bars. This is useful for preventing tail movements during procedures or for immobilizing the animal for examination.

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Tying or Bandaging

A method of restraining an animal by tying or wrapping their limbs or body parts with bandages, ropes, or other materials. This is often used to limit movement and facilitate procedures.

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Prioritise Human Safety

The primary concern during animal restraint should be the safety of the handlers and involved individuals. This includes prioritizing safe techniques, using appropriate equipment, and minimizing risk to all parties.

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Study Notes

Veterinary Medicine 1 - Large Animal Field Surgery

  • Course code: VMS3010
  • Instructor: Professor Peter Cockcroft
  • University: University of Surrey

Learning Objectives

  • Describe the requirements for producing aseptic surgical conditions in the field.
  • Explain the limitations of field surgery and evaluation of when surgery in a theatre or referral is indicated.
  • Describe surgeon preparation in relation to field surgery and how to achieve this.
  • Illustrate principles using examples of common surgical procedures.

Topics

  • Risks and benefits of field surgery
  • Regulations for field surgical procedures
  • Case studies of field surgery
  • Preparation for field surgery, including managing risks
  • Antimicrobial therapy
  • Patient care
  • General principles of field surgery

Benefits and Risks of Field Surgery

  • Benefits:*

  • Convenience

  • Cost-effectiveness (often cheaper)

  • Biosecurity (animal stays on farm)

  • Handling facilities on farm

  • Reduced stress of handling

  • Risks:*

  • Increased risk of infection

  • Limited resources

  • Health and safety concerns

  • Limited assistance

Considerations for Field Surgery

  • Cost-benefit analysis (value of the animal, procedure, aftercare, slaughter value)
  • Animal safety (animal, surgeon, other staff)
  • Animal welfare (anaesthesia type, fluids, antibiotics)
  • Aftercare (fly control, access to food, water, isolation procedures)
  • Analgesia (NSAIDs, minimal movement)
  • Informed owner and signed consent

Economics

  • Establish animal value (alive or at slaughter)
  • Indicative prices (horses, cows, bulls, ewes, rams, gilts, boars, alpacas). Specific price ranges provided.

Weights of Large Animals

  • Weights and sizes of different large animals in kilogram or pounds. (Horses, cows, ewes, sows, alpacas).

Regulations - Cattle

  • Table providing details about surgical procedures in cattle (cast, surgical cast, disbudding, chemical cauterisation and dehorning), procedures required, age restrictions, operator requirements, anaesthesia, and analgesic considerations.

Regulations - Sheep

  • Table offering guidelines for surgical procedures in sheep (cast, tail docking, rubber ring procedures, dehorning/disbudding). Includes restrictions by age, operator requirements, anaesthesia, and analgesic use.

Regulations - Pigs

  • Tail docking procedures are only acceptable when measures to improve environmental conditions to prevent tail-biting have been taken.
  • Tooth reduction (tooth clipping) and the requirements for its execution on animal aged not over 7 days.
  • Tusk trimming procedure only when necessary to prevent injury to other animals, or for safety reasons.
  • Method for castration must not involve the tearing of tissues and must be accompanied with anaesthesia and additional prolonged analgesia for animals over 7 days old.

When to Refer

  • Complex procedures
  • Poor restraint
  • High-value animals
  • High risk of litigation
  • High risk of infection

Common Surgical Procedures - Equine

  • Routine castration (cryptorchid should be referred)
  • Stitch-ups
  • Other emergency procedures

Common Surgical Procedures - Cattle

  • Left displaced abomasum correction
  • Right displaced abomasum correction
  • Caesarean section
  • Exploratory laparotomy/rumenotomy
  • Displaced/torsion of caecum
  • Open/Closed Castration
  • Disbudding/dehorning
  • Digital amputation
  • Enucleation
  • Wound repair

Common Surgical Procedures - Sheep

  • Caesarean section
  • Open castration
  • Laparotomy
  • Wound repair

Common Surgical Procedures - Alpacas

  • Castration
  • Tooth root abscess
  • Fractures
  • Wound repair
  • Anti-tetanus, be wary of cervical injuries

In-Field Surgical Procedures - Pigs

  • Castration
  • Hernia repairs
  • Caesarean sections
  • Digital amputation
  • Aftercare (pig mixing warnings)
  • Thermoregulation
  • Pet pigs (common practices)
  • Ovaro-hysterectomy
  • Entropion

Case Study

  • Procedure: Caesarean section in a cow on a farm
  • Requirement: List of drugs and equipment. (Note: Drugs and equipment are included below)

Drugs

  • Local anaesthetic
  • NSAIDS
  • Oxytocin
  • Dopram
  • Xylazine
  • Antibiotics (injectable and topical)

Equipment

  • Sterile surgical kit
  • Suture material
  • Sterile drapes
  • Needles
  • Syringes
  • Chlorhexidine/povidone-iodine
  • Scalpel blades
  • Sterile swabs
  • Sterile gloves
  • Arm-length gloves
  • Buckets
  • Sterile gown
  • Face masks
  • Head light
  • Clippers plus brushes for cleaning blades & lubricant oil
  • Animal technician/nurse
  • Calf resuscitator

In-Field Basics

  • Lighting
  • Protection from weather
  • Tables
  • Water supply
  • Additional help

Preparation for Field Surgery

  • Animal restraint and environment safety
  • Administer systemic antimicrobials
  • Administer systemic NSAIDS
  • Local anaesthesia
  • Clip surgical site
  • Clean surgical site
  • Surgical scrub
  • Sterile prep
  • Surgical hand washing, gowning & gloving
  • Open surgical kit

Restraint Methods

  • Cattle: Crush, swing gate, head restraint, sedation, casting with ropes.
  • Alpacas: Chute, casting, sedation, holding.
  • Pigs: Snare, sedation.
  • Horses: Halter, sedation, twitch, stocks

Preparation for Field Surgery: Managing Risks

  • Isolate the animal
  • Remove others from pen/field
  • Physical restraint (crush, swing gate)
  • Casting
  • Chemical restraint
  • Sedation
  • Tail immobilisation
  • Tying/bandaging
  • Prioritise human safety

Organising Equipment & Assistance

  • Check equipment inventory
  • Ensure equipment accessibility
  • Communicate efficiently with assistant

Reducing Risk-Aseptic Preparation

  • Clip the area
  • Remove hair
  • Remove organic debris
  • Use clippers
  • Use surgical clippers
  • Use razor blades (caution)
  • Avoid razor blades
  • Reduce the risk of bacterial colonization

Reducing Infection Risk - Aseptic Preparation

  • lodine-povidone
  • Chlorhexidine

Reducing Infection Risk- Aseptic Preparation (1) Tail Prep

  • Bandage
  • Tie to back legs
  • Initial clean
  • Surgical scrub
  • Further dirt removal using antiseptic
  • Sterile prep (using swabs and antiseptic)
  • Draping
  • Surgical site isolation

Surgical Scrub Technique

Reducing Infection Risk - Aseptic Preparation (2)

  • Surgeon
  • Surgical scrub
  • Dry with towelling
  • Gowning & gloving
  • Sterile kit
  • Place kit within reach
  • Clean tray/drape

Sterile Surgical Kit

  • Plan for instruments
  • Planning expected complications

Drapes

  • Clean, disposable paper drape
  • Fixed with towel clamp

Reducing Infection Risk - Maintaining Asepsis

  • Communication
  • Briefing, problem anticipation
  • Environment (pen/cover)
  • No other animals
  • Well-restrained animals
  • Resources (equipment on stable surface)

Reducing Infection Risk - Antimicrobial Therapy

  • Recommendations based on human research
  • No evidence on ideal course length
  • Antimicrobials (reach MIC)
  • Administration time (IM drugs, IV drugs)

Reducing Infection Risk- Antimicrobial Therapy (2)

  • Infection status (Non-contaminated/Contaminated/Infected)
  • Risk of contamination
  • Likely bacteria present
  • Resistance testing

Reducing Infection Risk - Antimicrobial Therapy (3)

  • Minimum duration of treatment.

Reducing Infection Risk - Antimicrobial therapy (4) Topical

  • Purpose (reduce post-surgical contamination/intra-abdominal infection)
  • Options (antibiotic sprays, antiseptic sprays like aluminium)

Patient Care

  • Owner's ability to provide appropriate aftercare
  • Facilities (access to food, water, protection from weather, bullying)
  • Hygiene (faeces/urine)
  • Fly control
  • Isolation or re-introduction to herd
  • Concerns with lactating cows
  • Analgesic administration
  • NSAID use for movement reduction and support
  • Soft bedding
  • Ensuring animals periodically change positions.

General Principles of Surgery

  • Surgical site preparation
  • Hair removal
  • Disinfection (povidone-iodine/chlorhexidine/saline/alcohol)
  • Patient prep (zones)
  • Draperies
  • Tapes, Clips (disposable-reusable options)

Preparation - Surgeon

  • Hand and arms scrubbing
  • Cleaning
  • Disinfecting
  • Sterile gloves
  • Plastic sleeves and gown
  • Mask
  • Headlight.

Resources

  • Desrochers A, (2005) General Principles of Surgery Applied to Cattle Vet Clin Food Anim 21 (2005) 1–17

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VMS3010 Large Animal Field Surgery PDF 2024

Description

Test your knowledge on the principles and practices of field surgery in large animals. This quiz covers aseptic techniques, evaluation of surgical procedures, and case studies relevant to veterinary medicine. Gain insights into the preparation and risks associated with performing surgery outside of a clinical setting.

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