Pathology: Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a category of reproductive system pathology?

  • Disorders of sexual development (correct)
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Neurological disorders

    • Adenocarcinoma is abbreviated as ACA.

    True

    What does the abbreviation TDF stand for?

    testis determining factor

    The term _____ refers to the death of the embryo before a pregnancy can be detected.

    <p>early embryonic death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their definitions:

    <p>BPH = Benign prostatic hyperplasia RFM = Retained fetal membranes EHV-1 = Equine herpes virus 1 PU/PD = Polyuria / polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known as follicle-stimulating hormone?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is abbreviated as CFT.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

    <p>To amplify DNA samples for identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common tumor in dogs?

    <p>Sertoli cell tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Castration is recommended for rams to address testicular conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically affected in cases of epididymitis?

    <p>Tail of the epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoplasia occurs when the testis fails to grow to _____ size.

    <p>normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypoplasia = Testis is small due to failure to grow Atrophy = Testis reduces in size after puberty Epididymitis = Inflammation of the epididymis Cystic ovaries = Ovarian cysts causing fertility issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is often a result of bacterial infection in rams?

    <p>Epididymitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm production is usually unaffected in cases of testicular atrophy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Brucella ovis primarily affect in rams?

    <p>Epididymis and sex glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystic remnants of the paramesonephric ducts are called hydatids of ______.

    <p>Morgagni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bacteria with their association in rams:

    <p>Actinobacillus seminis = Acute epididymitis in younger rams Histophilus ovis = Gram-negative pleomorphic bacteria Brucella ovis = Venereally transmitted infection E.coli = Cause of epididymitis in dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of testicular atrophy?

    <p>Epididymitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All rams with epididymitis show significant fertility issues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of hypoplastic testes?

    <p>Soft and flabby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testicular torsion is more common in ______ testes.

    <p>cryptorchid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is most commonly associated with abortion in sheep?

    <p>Campylobacter fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is primarily used to diagnose endometritis in dairy cattle?

    <p>MetricheckTM device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clear, odourless discharge is generally associated with lower fertility than purulent discharge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress is a significant cause of abortion in goats.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main clinical signs of pyometra in dogs?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pathognomonic lesions associated with Toxoplasma gondii abortion in sheep?

    <p>Strawberry cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In horses, umbilical cord __________ is a significant cause of fetal death.

    <p>torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recognized bacterial pathogen that is most often isolated in dogs with pyometra is _____ .

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their associated causal agents:

    <p>Endometritis = Bacterial infection Pyometra = E. coli Abortion in sheep = Salmonella Brandenburg Chlamydia abortus = Chlamydia pecorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their associated reproductive issues:

    <p>Campylobacter fetus = Sheep abortion Toxoplasma gondii = Goat abortion EHV-1 = Equine abortion Leptospira interrogans = Equine abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of bacteria is commonly associated with equine abortion?

    <p>E. coli and streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method provides a definitive diagnosis for abortion caused by Salmonella Brandenburg?

    <p>Fetal stomach contents culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All species of bacteria can cause abortion in horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyometra usually presents with open cervix and leads to vaginal discharge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical pathology finding in canine pyometra?

    <p>Inflammatory leukogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common environmental stressor that can lead to abortion in goats?

    <p>Bad weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diagnosis of bacterial abortions in horses often involves ________ of paired blood samples.

    <p>antibody titers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abortions resulting from _____ are typically associated with late gestation and affect twin-bearing ewes.

    <p>Salmonella Brandenburg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common sporadic bacterial cause of abortion in sheep?

    <p>Mycoplasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of abortion to the corresponding factor:

    <p>Abortion due to Campylobacter = Sporadic or outbreaks in sheep Toxoplasmosis = Any stage of gestation in sheep and goats Stress = Goat abortion Bacterial infection = Equine abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of equine twins?

    <p>Malnutrition and death of one or both foals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlamydia pecorum has been linked to abortion outbreaks in New Zealand since 2018.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of discharge may be seen if the cervix is open in cases of pyometra?

    <p>Serosanguinous or purulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture is the preferred method for diagnosing bacterial abortions in horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most cases of pyometra in younger dogs are associated with _____ administration.

    <p>oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of abortion often results from hormonal imbalances in goats?

    <p>Stress-related abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacteria with their corresponding effects:

    <p>Campylobacter = Abortion in sheep Chlamydia = Emerging abortion cause Listeria = Disease from spoiled silage Salmonella = Late-term abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ typically causes placental insufficiency in equine twins.

    <p>endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mastitis in dairy cattle?

    <p>Ascending bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is primarily caused by bacterial endotoxin in cases of pyometra?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is newly recognized as a cause of abortion outbreaks in sheep?

    <p>Chlamydophila pecorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subclinical mastitis is detectable through visible signs of inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three broad stages in the development of mastitis?

    <p>Invasion, Infection, Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of one or more overt signs of inflammation in the udder is known as _____ mastitis.

    <p>clinical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common lesion caused by postnatal infections in lambs?

    <p>Swollen, red umbilicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastitis can only lead to temporary effects in the affected mammary gland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mammary gland conditions with their results:

    <p>Clinical mastitis = Visible signs of inflammation Subclinical mastitis = No visible signs Mammary neoplasia = Tumor growth Mastitis = Inflammation of the mammary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two common bacteria associated with postnatal infections in lambs.

    <p>E.coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term _____ refers to localized swelling and inflammation of the umbilical region in lambs.

    <p>omphalophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that helps resist mastitis in normal mammary glands?

    <p>Keratinised epithelium in the teat canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a freemartin calf?

    <p>A genetically female calf with undeveloped reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freemartins can occur in species other than bovines.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by the testes?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ testis refers to the incomplete descent of the testis into the scrotum.

    <p>cryptorchid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Chimera = An organism with mixed genetic material from different embryos Freemartin = A genetically female calf with male co-twin Cryptorchidism = Incomplete testis descent Scrotal dermatitis = Inflammation of the scrotum affecting fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the testes are damaged?

    <p>It can have permanent and catastrophic effects on fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scrotal dermatitis can decrease spermatogenesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the male reproductive system?

    <p>Testosterone production and sperm transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common cause of scrotal inflammation in sheep is the mite __________.

    <p>Chorioptes bovis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Scrotal dermatitis = Increases testicular temperature Cryptorchidism = Testes remain in abdomen Freemartin = Chimeric female with abnormal genital development Epididymal development = Slower in cryptorchid condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hemorrhage in male reproductive disease is true?

    <p>It can affect fertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unilateral cryptorchidism is more common than bilateral cryptorchidism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is typically seen in male cryptorchid testes after puberty?

    <p>Testicular atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of cryptorchidism in retained testes?

    <p>Higher likelihood of developing neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most female calves born to male co-twins are fertile.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common ovarian neoplasm in large animals, especially mares?

    <p>Granulosa cell tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulosa cell tumours often produce hormones that lead to signs of anoestrous or stallion-like behaviour.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of entry for infectious organisms into the uterus?

    <p>Ascending infection through the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term used for the inflammation involving the entire wall of the uterus is called ______.

    <p>metritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neoplasm is most commonly malignant in chickens?

    <p>Adenocarcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uterine rupture is more common in cows than in other species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common predisposing factor for retained fetal membranes (RFM) in cows.

    <p>Dystocia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Torsion of the uterus is most commonly seen in ______.

    <p>cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically seen with uterine prolapse?

    <p>Excessive bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metritis can occur as a sequel to endometritis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pus accumulation in the uterine lumen?

    <p>Pyometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Torsion = Uncommon twisting of the uterus Rupture = Most serious complication leading to massive haemorrhage Prolapse = Uterine or vaginal structures coming outside the body Retained Fetal Membranes = Retention of membranes longer than 24 hours after parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is typically increased in cases of granulosa cell tumours?

    <p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ovary is most commonly affected by ______ neoplasms in chickens.

    <p>adenocarcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the inversion of the uterus after parturition?

    <p>Prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of mastitis in cattle?

    <p>Subclinical mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bovine mastitis can be caused by environmental bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one major bacterial pathogen responsible for mastitis in cattle.

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contagious mastitis is commonly spread at __________.

    <p>milking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of mastitis with their characteristics:

    <p>Clinical mastitis = Obvious symptoms like redness and swelling Subclinical mastitis = No grossly evident changes Gangrenous mastitis = Severe tissue necrosis and systemic illness Purulent mastitis = Production of pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature helps prevent the spread of mastitis between adjacent quarters?

    <p>Median suspensory ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alpha-toxin-producing strains of staphylococci are associated with mild mastitis cases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of bacteria causing bovine mastitis?

    <p>Contagious bacteria and environmental bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are likely causes of mastitis in cows?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastitis in bitches is typically seen postpartum in early lactation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common bacterial cause of mastitis in sheep.

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammary neoplasia is more common in _____ bitches.

    <p>intact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated features:

    <p>Mastitis in dogs = Warm, swollen, and painful glands Mammary neoplasia in cats = Majority are malignant adenocarcinomas Mastitis in cows = Necrotising or gangrenous with systemic signs Mammary neoplasia in dogs = Common in middle-aged to older dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk for neonates if their dam has mastitis?

    <p>Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mammary tumors in dogs are predominantly malignant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be collected before beginning therapy for mastitis?

    <p>A milk sample for cytology and culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common bacteria that causes mastitis in both dogs and cats includes _____ spp.

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does late spaying have on the risk of mammary neoplasia in dogs?

    <p>Increases the risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is most commonly associated with environmental mastitis in dairy cattle?

    <p>Streptococcus uberis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coliform bacteria, such as E.coli, can cause acute and severe mastitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one bacterial species that causes mastitis in sheep and goats.

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis is often unresponsive to _______ therapy due to the organism's absence of a cell wall.

    <p>antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each bacterium with its associated characteristic:

    <p>Streptococcus uberis = Common cause of environmental mastitis Coliforms = May cause acute mastitis with systemic illness Mycoplasma bovis = Causes refractory mastitis Staphylococcus aureus = Can lead to necrotizing mastitis in small ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical symptom of necrotizing mastitis in cows?

    <p>Fever and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastitis significantly affects only lactating cows.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for mastitis that does not respond to standard treatments?

    <p>Refractory mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of _________ is characteristic of gangrenous mastitis in ewes and does often lead to systemic illness.

    <p>necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the mastitis symptoms with the associated bacteria:

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus = Necrotizing mastitis Mannheimia haemolytica = Acute systemic signs Mycoplasma bovis = Failure to respond to antibiotics E.coli = Systemic illness and possible septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary source of infection for environmental mastitis?

    <p>Vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial shedding from infected animals can occur even when they do not display signs of illness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical finding seen in the blood of cows with (per)acute mastitis?

    <p>Inflammatory leukogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gangrenous mastitis due to _________ often leads to systemic clinical signs and can result in death.

    <p>Staphylococcus species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Abbreviations in Animal Reproductive Health

    • SMEDI: Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, Infertility.
    • ACA: Adenocarcinoma.
    • AI: Artificial Insemination.
    • BPH: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.
    • BVD: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea.
    • CAEV: Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Virus.
    • CBC: Complete Blood Count.
    • CEH: Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia.
    • CFT: Complement Fixation Test.
    • CNS: Central Nervous System.
    • DSD: Disorder of Sexual Development.
    • EED: Early Embryonic Death.
    • EHV-1: Equine Herpes Virus 1.
    • FSH: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.
    • GDT: Gel Diffusion Test.
    • GnRH: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone.
    • LH: Luteinizing Hormone.
    • MPI: Ministry for Primary Industries.
    • PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction.
    • PU/PD: Polyuria/Polydipsia.
    • RFM: Retained Fetal Membranes.
    • SCC: Squamous Cell Carcinoma/Somatic Cell Count.
    • Serology: Identification of antibodies in body fluids.
    • TCC: Transitional Cell Carcinoma.
    • TDF: Testis Determining Factor.
    • U/A: Urinalysis.
    • USG: Urine Specific Gravity.
    • UTI: Urinary Tract Infection.

    Overview of Domestic Animal Reproductive System

    • Classified into five categories: DSDs, maladies of male and female genital systems, pregnancy failures (infertility, abortion, perinatal mortality), and mammary gland diseases.
    • Reproductive system pathology is complex due to variations between sexes and species.

    Disorders of Sexual Development (DSDs)

    • DSDs categorized by chromosome type (XX, XY), presence of SRY, gonadal type, and appearance of genitalia.
    • Terms like "intersex" and "hermaphrodite" still in use.
    • Freemartins are chimeras, mainly observed in females co-twin to males, often infertile, with abnormal reproductive organs.

    Male Genital System Diseases

    • Male reproductive functions include testosterone production and sperm development, essential for breeding success.
    • Disorders can emerge from three anatomical regions: scrotum and its contents, accessory sex glands, penis, and prepuce.

    Scrotum, Testes, and Epididymis

    • Testes must remain cooler than body temperature for effective spermatogenesis.
    • Scrotal dermatitis can lead to infertility via increased testicular temperature; often caused by Chorioptes bovis in sheep.
    • Cryptorchidism: Incomplete testis descent, risky for infertility and neoplasia—castration is advised.
    • Small testes: Can be due to hypoplasia (failure to grow) or atrophy (decrease after puberty) resulting from various factors including toxins.
    • Epididymitis: Common inflammation mostly in rams and dogs; can cause infertility. Key causes: Brucella ovis and gram-negative bacteria like Actinobacillus seminis.

    Female Genital System Diseases

    • Uterine function critical for fetal development; needs to be a sterile environment.
    • Infections can enter via the cervix, significantly impacting fertility.

    Uterine Position Changes

    • Torsion: Uncommon but may occur in heavily pregnant cows. Sudden torsions can invoke severe complications.
    • Rupture: Can happen from torsion or dystocia, often fatal.
    • Prolapse: Common post-parturition in cows, sows, and ewes; prolonged straining and flaccid uterus lead to this condition.

    Retained Fetal Membranes (RFM)

    • RFM refers to membranes retained over 24 hours post-parturition. Major causes include dystocia and uterine infections, leading to possible severe complications like metritis.

    Endometritis and Metritis

    • Endometritis: Inflammation primarily of the inner layer, often mild with minimal external signs.
    • Metritis: Involves the entire uterine wall, typically presents with severe clinical symptoms. Can progress to pyometra and significantly alter fertility.

    Important Considerations

    • Identifying and correcting male infertility issues are crucial for herd productivity.
    • DSDs can introduce complexities in breeding strategies and require careful diagnostic approaches.### Causes of Metritis and Endometritis
    • Ascending bacterial infection is the primary cause of metritis across species, significantly influenced by factors like open cervix and dystocia.
    • Common bacteria involved include Trueperella pyogenes, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and coliforms, particularly in postpartum cows.
    • Non-specific metritis often seen in cows post-partum, with variable uterine appearance based on disease severity.

    Diagnosis of Endometritis in Cattle

    • Metrichecking utilizes a silicon cup to collect vaginal mucus for examination, assessing consistency, color, and odor.
    • Clear, odourless discharge indicates better fertility; turbid, purulent, or bloody discharges signify endometritis and possible infertility.

    Diagnosis of Endometritis in Mares

    • Endometrial biopsy is essential in identifying issues and infertility in mares, guided by rectal palpation to collect a small uterine sample.

    Canine Pyometra

    • Pyometra, often related to prior estrogen administration in young dogs, presents with clinical signs of toxaemia including depression, anorexia, and fever.
    • Often leads to serious complications requiring surgical intervention; commonly diagnosed through imaging revealing uterine enlargement.

    Diagnosis and Clinical Pathology of Canine Pyometra

    • Characterized by marked neutrophilia and possible dehydration indicators; sepsis-related changes like hypoglycemia may also be present.
    • Diagnosis may involve histological evidence of protozoal organisms in tissues.

    Salmonella Brandenburg in Ovine Abortions

    • Identified in sheep abortions in New Zealand since 1996, with significant outbreaks causing heavy losses in late gestation.
    • Affected fetuses show signs of autolysis; confirmed via culture of fetal stomach contents or placental tissues.

    Other Bacterial Abortions in Sheep

    • Bacterial infections, often sporadic, arise from Yersinia, Pasteurella, and Listeria spp.; Listeria linked to spoiled silage.
    • Diagnosis through culture/PCR from fetal samples; gross lesions may not always be visible.

    Chlamydia Pecorum in Sheep

    • Emerging cause of abortion outbreaks since 2018, presenting in late gestation without significant gross lesions in affected fetuses.
    • Definitive diagnosis relies on PCR testing of fetal tissues.

    Common Causes of Abortion in Ovine Species

    • Campylobacter fetus, Toxoplasma gondii, and various bacteria including Salmonella are the main agents contributing to abortion.
    • Vaccination options for Campylobacter, Toxoplasma, and Salmonella exist and should be discussed with owners.

    Stress-Induced Abortion in Goats

    • Goats are particularly susceptible to stress-related abortions, especially during late gestation; factors include undernutrition and adverse weather.
    • Diagnosis largely circumstantial, with fresh fetal expulsion being indicative.

    Toxoplasma Gondii in Goats

    • Similar to sheep, but placental lesions may be milder and harder to detect, complicating diagnosis.

    Equine Abortion Causes

    • Twinning, umbilical cord abnormalities, and bacterial infections are significant factors.
    • Umbilical cord torsion risks fetal death by compromising the umbilical vessels.

    Bacterial Abortions in Horses

    • Ascending infections commonly lead to abortion via bacteria like Streptococcus and E. coli.
    • Diagnosing bacterial abortions can be complicated due to common environmental contaminants.

    Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)

    • A critical cause of abortion in mares, EHV-1 infects the respiratory tract and can lead to uterine infection.
    • Diagnosis is generally supported by high or rising antibody titers post-abortion.

    General Overview of Mastitis

    • Mastitis is inflammation of the mammary gland, primarily significant in dairy cattle.
    • Initial stages include invasion, infection, and inflammation, typically via ascending bacterial infection.

    Clinical vs. Subclinical Mastitis

    • Clinical mastitis displays overt signs such as abnormal milk and udder swelling, while subclinical mastitis is asymptomatic and diagnosed through tests like high somatic cell counts.
    • Management is crucial as mastitis can lead to varying outcomes including animal death, chronic conditions, or resolution of infection.

    Highlights of Mastitis Pathogenesis

    • Effective resistance declines as lactational age increases, influenced by gland defenses and milking practices.
    • Diagnosis relies on detection of leukocytes and bacteria, often requiring culture for confirmation.

    Bovine Mastitis

    • Causes significant economic losses and accounts for a large proportion of antibiotic use in livestock.
    • Most prevalent around calving and drying-off periods.
    • Differentiates between clinical mastitis (evident changes) and subclinical mastitis (requires additional testing to diagnose).
    • Localized infections often affect 1-2 quarters due to anatomical and physiological barriers.
    • Pathogenic bacteria are categorized into cow-associated (contagious) and environmental sources.

    Contagious Bacteria

    • Involves pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae.
    • Typically reside on udder and teat skin, spreading during milking via galactogenous routes.
    • Severe cases manifest as clinical mastitis with gland swelling, redness, and necrosis, known as "gangrenous" mastitis.
    • Systemic signs include fever, diarrhea, recumbency, and potential death.

    Environmental Bacteria

    • Common pathogens include Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and coliforms like E. coli.
    • Primarily sourced from the environment (e.g., feces, mud), infections enter through the teat canal during milking.
    • Similar to contagious infections, severe environmental infections show systemic illness and may lead to necrosis and death.

    Mycoplasma bovis Mastitis

    • Associated with "refractory mastitis" that does not respond well to standard treatments.
    • Signs include reduced milk production, swollen udder, and poor response to antibiotics due to the absence of a cell wall in the bacterium.
    • Also linked to other syndromes like arthritis and respiratory issues in calves.

    Clinical Pathology Findings

    • Severe clinical mastitis may show inflammatory leukogram, neutropenia, and toxic changes.
    • Common findings include systemic clinical signs indicating necrotizing infections.

    Mastitis in Sheep and Goats

    • Caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Mannheimia haemolytica, often leading to acute necrotizing mastitis.
    • Infection typically affects one gland, with symptoms including swollen and discolored udder, and severe systemic signs that might result in death.
    • In goats, udder issues may relate to caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus infection.

    Clinical Signs in Mammary Diseases

    • Gangrenous mastitis shows a clear demarcation line in affected tissues, indicating necrosis.
    • In sheep, primary pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus lead to similar symptoms as in cattle.

    Mastitis in Small Animals (Cats and Dogs)

    • Uncommon yet significant, usually occurring postpartum in early lactation in dogs.
    • Common pathogens include Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and E. coli.
    • Symptoms of acute mastitis involve warmth, swelling, pain in affected glands, and potential systemic signs like fever.

    Mammary Neoplasia in Dogs

    • Common in middle-aged or older intact bitches; late speying increases risk.
    • Tumours can be benign or malignant, with a higher benign rate in early speyed populations.
    • Malignant tumours present as larger masses (>5cm), with a tendency to invade local tissues and lymph nodes.

    Mammary Neoplasia in Cats

    • Less frequent than in dogs; a high proportion (up to 90%) of neoplasms are malignant adenocarcinomas.
    • Rapid growth and metastasis characterize these tumours, particularly prevalent in Siamese breeds.

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    Test your knowledge of common veterinary medical abbreviations in this quiz. You will encounter terms related to reproductive health, diseases, and laboratory tests. Expand your expertise in veterinary medicine with these essential acronyms.

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