Pharm: Dosage adjustment

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Questions and Answers

What are the factors that will prompt veterinarians to modify drug dosages?

The animal, the drug (and the environment)

What are the specific factors pertaining to the animal that are needed to consider to determine/adapt a drug dosage?

Species, breed, individual, body weight, sex, temperament, disease and tolerance

What are the two anatomical features of species that we must keep in mind when modifying a dose?

Ruminant vs non ruminant GI, and the ability to vomit

Ruminant stomachs are much more acidic than mono gastrics

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Most hind gut fermenters (I.e. _ and ) can’t ____

Most hind gut fermenters (I.e. horses and rabbits) can’t vomit Signup and view all the answers

What are the two physiological species factors we must consider when adjusting dosages?

Salivary enzymes and urine pH Signup and view all the answers

Cats lack salivary amylases

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

_______ is the defective gene in herding breeds

MDR1 (-/-) is the defective gene in herding breeds Signup and view all the answers

Another example of a drug transporter mutation is :

ABCG2 (BCRP), a drug efflux pump Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a mutation in the ABCG2 in the mammary gland?

The efflux pump will allow accumulation of the concentration of the dug in the milk and increase the risk of toxicity for the newborn and food safety, to name a few Signup and view all the answers

How does obesity affect drug distribution in animals?

It increases the accumulation of liposoluble drugs in adipose tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why does severe dehydration influence drug dosage calculations?

It decreases body weight, which can alter drug distribution (B) Signup and view all the answers

Due to the newborn’s increased intestinal permeability, it will cause an __________________

Increased oral absorption Signup and view all the answers

Describe the distribution of a drug to a newborn to pediatric

A newborn to pediatric’s distribution is low due to decreased plasma protein binding, decreased BBB function and increased total body water Signup and view all the answers

What must we consider when giving a newborn to pediatric drugs given the fact that they have an increased total body water?

Often we must give higher doses but we need to select drugs that don’t have a high affinity to cross the blood brain barrier Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patient factor is true regarding newborns?

Decreased metabolism (C), Decreased excretion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the geriatrics distribution of drugs?

Decreased total body water (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three specific diseases a patient may have that can cause us to adjust our dosage?

Hepatic dysfunction, renal insufficiency and heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of hepatic dysfunction in relation to adapting doses/intervals?

A dysfunction in the liver means there is some extent of decreased metabolism; which can correlate to decreased excretion and prolonged duration of action and half life Signup and view all the answers

What are the two routes of administration recommended for patients with heart failure?

IV or IM Signup and view all the answers

Why is dose or interval adjustment necessary in patients with heart failure?

They have a reduced ability to pump drugs to the site of action (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood distribution in patients with heart failure?

It is shunted to vital organs, as it’ll prioritize them (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the distribution of the drug in patients in heart failure?

Because it shunts blood to the vital organs, the drug may not go to it’s intended site Signup and view all the answers

How does heart failure affect renal excretion?

It decreases renal excretion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern regarding oral drug absorption in patients with right-sided heart failure?

Erratic oral (PO) absorption due to GI edema (C) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dosage Modification Factors

The animal, the drug, and the environment.

Animal-Specific Dosage Factors

Species, breed, individual variation, body weight, sex, temperament, disease, and tolerance.