Veterinary Anatomy: Joints and Ligaments

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Questions and Answers

Which bones form the temporomandibular joint?

Frontal bone and nasal bone

Zygomatic arch and palatine bone

Squamous part of the skull and condylar process of the mandible (correct)

Maxilla and mandible

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint classified as?

Composite joint

Fibrous joint

Synovial joint

Simple joint (correct)

Which ligament is found in the atlanto-axial joint?

Ligamentum laterale

Ligamentum caudale

Ligamentum transversum atlantis

Ligamentum atlantoaxiale dorsale (correct)

Which type of joint is formed between adjacent vertebrae?

Simple joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cartilages in the symphysis intervertebralis?

Provide shock absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the ligaments in large animals regarding the temporomandibular joint?

They have two ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is only present in dogs and pigs within the atlanto-axial joint?

Ligamentum transversum atlantis Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are classified as long ligaments in the vertebral column?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the nuchal ligament in large animals?

It has both funiculus nuchae and lamina nuchae. Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the caput costae and the thoracic vertebrae?

Ligamentum capitis costae Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are associated with the elbow joint?

Ligamentum collaterale laterale and ligamentum collaterale mediale Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the type of shoulder joint in birds?

Articulatio coraco-scapulo humeralis Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the elbow joint classified as?

Composite and uniaxial Signup and view all the answers

What component is absent in the nuchal ligament of small animals like pigs and cats?

Both funiculus and lamina Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nuchal ligament?

Supporting head weight Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is found between the radius and ulna in carnivores?

Ligamentum olecrani Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones forming the carpal joint?

Distal of the radius and ulna, carpal bones and proximal of the metacarpal bone Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are connected by ligamentum intercapitale?

Left and right ribs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the shoulder joint in carnivores from that in large animals?

Presence of multi-ligament structure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is the carpal joint categorized as?

Hinge, composite, uniaxial joint Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is classified as a uniaxial joint?

Tarsal joint Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the phalangeal joints, which structures are involved in the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx, and sesamoid bone Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are associated with the shoulder joint?

Ligamentum coracohumarale and ligamentum glenohumerale Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of movable joints?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ligamentum tuberculum?

Linking the tuberculum costae to vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is the proximal interphalangeal joint?

Uniaxial and saddle joint Signup and view all the answers

What ligaments are associated with the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Lig.sesamoideum obliquum and lig.sesamoideum rectum Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed by the junction of the vertebrae and the head of the rib?

Costovertebral joint Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of the articular cartilage contains elongated and flattened chondrocytes?

Superficial zone Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the tarsocrural joint classified as?

Cochlear joint Signup and view all the answers

Which species difference is noted in ruminants regarding the phalangeal joints?

Lig.interdigitale proximale and lig.interdigitale distale Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments is associated with the tarsal joint?

Lig.collaterale laterale longum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ligament that holds the radius and ulna together in carnivores?

Ligamentum anulare radii Signup and view all the answers

What feature separates the calcified zone from the deep (radial) zone in articular cartilage?

Tidemark Signup and view all the answers

Which joint forms between the central tarsal bones and the distal tarsal bones?

Distal intertarsal joint Signup and view all the answers

Which bones form the distal interphalangeal joint?

Middle and distal part, sesamoid bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint classified as?

Simple joint Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is considered a strong ligament in the hip joint?

Lig.capitis ossis femoris Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of joint for the stifle joint?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is the hip joint characterized as?

Multiaxial Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are present in the cranial aspect of the stifle joint?

Femorotibial and femoropatellar ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature pertains to the patellar ligaments in horses?

Have 3 patellar ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which species feature only two ligaments in the sacroiliac joint?

Carnivores Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is characterized as a condylar joint?

Stifle joint Signup and view all the answers

What types of ligaments are included in the lateral aspect of the stifle joint?

Femoropatellare laterale and femoropatellare mediale Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Assessment Joints, Anatomy and Histology

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ):
- Formed by the skull's squamous part and the mandible's condylar process.
- Composite joint due to an articular disc.
- Small animals (dogs, pigs) have one ligament (ligamentum laterale).
- Large animals (horses, oxen) have two (ligamentum laterale and ligamentum caudale).
Atlanto-occipital Joint:
- Between the occipital bone and the first vertebra.
- Simple joint.
- Ligaments: Ligamentum laterale, dorsal and ventral atlanto-occipital membranes.
Atlanto-axial Joint:
- Between the first and second vertebrae.
- Simple joint.
- Ligaments: Longitudinal ligament, right and left alar ligaments (dorsal and ventral).
- Species variation: Ventral aspect ligament (ligamentum atlantoaxiale ventrale) only in ruminants and horses. Dogs and pigs have the transverse ligament of the atlas (ligamentum transversum atlantis).
Vertebral Articulations:
- Adjacent vertebrae are connected by cartilages (intervertebral discs).
- These act as shock absorbers, with synovial joints in the articular processes.
- Long ligaments extend along the vertebral column (spinal process, dorsal/ventral longitudinal).
- Short ligaments connect adjacent vertebrae (interspinalia, intertransversaria, flava).
Nuchal Ligament:
- Structure: Two parts (funiculus and lamina) supporting the skull weight.
- Species variation: Large animals have the full structure. Small animals (dogs, pigs) mostly only have funiculus nuchae.
Costovertebral Articulations:
- Ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae at two joints (capitis costae and costotransverse).
- Ligaments: Ligamentum capitis costae, costotransverse ligaments, and ligamentum tuberculum.
Shoulder Joint:
- Formed by the scapula and humerus.
- Simple, multiaxial joint.
- Ligaments: Coracohumeral ligament (in most mammals).
- Multiple glenohumeral ligaments (more prevalent in carnivores).
- Bird shoulder joint: articulatio coraco-scapulo-humeralis
Elbow Joint:
- Formed by the distal humerus and the radius and ulna.
- Composite, uniaxial joint.
- Ligaments: collateral ligaments (lateral and medial).
Carpal Joint:
- Formed by the radius/ulna and carpal bones, with multiple ligaments connecting the carpal bones.
- Hinge, composite, uniaxial joint.
Phalangeal Joints:
- Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints.
- Uniaxial, composite, and saddle joints.
- Numerous ligaments, including collateral and sesamoid ligaments, varying by species.
Sacroiliac Joint:
- Formed by the sacrum and ilium (coccyx/hip bone).
- Simple, plane joint (minimal movement).
- Ligaments: sacroiliac dorsalis longus/brevis, and sacrotuberale.
Hip Joint:
- Formed by the hip bone (acetabulum) and femur.
- Simple, multiaxial joint.
- Ligaments: ligamentum capitis ossis femoris, and transverse acetabular ligament.
- Bird hip joint: peculiarities vary.
Stifle Joint:
- Formed by the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella.
- Hinge, condylar, and/or saddle-like joint.
- Numerous ligaments: collateral, medial/lateral meniscus, and cruciate ligaments.
- Species variation for number and location of ligaments.
Tarsal Joint:
- Formed by the tibia/fibula and metatarsal bones.
- Uniaxial joint.
- Species-specific ligaments (variations for collateral ligaments).

Histology

Articular Cartilage:
- Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces.
- Four zones (superficial, intermediate, deep, calcified).
- Specialized tissue for shock absorption and friction reduction.
Synovial Joint Components:
- Synovial membrane (fibroblasts, villi), fibrous capsule, synovial fluid.
- Specialized connective tissue structure lining articular joints.
Intervertebral Disc:
- Composed of anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) and nucleus pulposus (gelatinous tissue).
- Provides support, shock absorption, and slight movement for vertebrae.

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Description

Test your knowledge of veterinary anatomy focusing on joints and ligaments. This quiz covers various types of joints, specifically the temporomandibular, atlanto-occipital, and elbow joints, along with associated ligaments in different animals. Enhance your understanding of the structural features that distinguish these anatomical components.