Assessment joints (C)
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Questions and Answers

Which bones form the temporomandibular joint?

The squamous part of the skull and the condylar process of the mandible.

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

  • Saddle Joint
  • Composite joint (correct)
  • Simple joint
  • Hinge Joint

    • What ligaments are found in the temporomandibular joint of small animals?

    Ligamentum laterale.

    Which bones form the atlanto-occipital joint?

    <p>The occipital bone and the first vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

    <p>Simple joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List all ligaments found in the atlanto-occipital joint.

    <p>Ligamentum laterale, membrane dorsale atlanto occipitalis, membrane ventrale atlanto occipitalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones form the atlanto-axial joint?

    <p>The first and second vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

    <p>Simple joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two ligaments are located inside the canal of the atlanto-axial joint?

    <p>Longitudinal ligament and right alar ligament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament is found on the dorsal aspect of the atlanto-axial joint?

    <p>Ligamentum atlantoaxiale dorsale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament is found only in dogs and pigs?

    <p>Ligamentum transversum atlantis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cartilages are found between adjacent vertebrae?

    <p>Discus intervertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions as shock absorbers but also contribute to a small synovial joint?

    <p>Articular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of long ligaments found in the vertebral column?

    <p>Spinal process ligament, dorsal longitudinal ligament, ventral longitudinal ligament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spinal process ligament begin?

    <p>From the 3rd thoracic vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the dorsal longitudinal ligament begin?

    <p>From the axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the ventral longitudinal ligament end?

    <p>On the sacrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of short ligaments found between vertebrae?

    <p>Ligamentum interspinalia, ligamentum intertransversia, and ligamentum flava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are short ligaments located?

    <p>Between processus spinosus (ligamentum interspinalia), between transverse processes (ligamentum intertransversia), and between the arcuses (ligamentum flava).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parts of the nuchal ligament?

    <p>Funiculus nuchae and lamina nuchae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the funiculus nuchae begin?

    <p>From the occipital part of the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the lamina nuchae located?

    <p>Under the funiculus nuchae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nuchal ligament support?

    <p>Much of the weight of the animal when the head is held high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals lack a nuchal ligament?

    <p>Pigs and cats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal only has a funiculus nuchae?

    <p>Dogs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the funiculus nuchae begin in dogs?

    <p>From the axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two joints form the articulation between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>Articularis capitis costae and costotransverse articulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the articularis capitis costae located?

    <p>Between the vertebrae and the head of the rib (caput costae).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the costotransverse articulation located?

    <p>Between the vertebrae and the collum costae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament connects the vertebrae and caput costae?

    <p>Ligamentum capitis costae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament connects the tuberculum costae and vertebrae?

    <p>Ligamentum tuberculum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament connects the left and right ribs?

    <p>Ligamentum intercapitale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones form the shoulder joint?

    <p>Scapula and humerus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

    <p>Simple joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the ligaments found in the shoulder joint of large animals.

    <p>Ligamentum coracohumarale, ligamentum glenohumerale laterare, and ligamentum glenohumerale mediale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the shoulder joint of birds?

    <p>In birds, there are two intral ligaments: ligamentum glenohumerale laterare and ligamentum glenohumerale mediale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones form the elbow joint?

    <p>Distal of the humerus, the radius and ulna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the elbow joint?

    <p>Composite joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two collateral ligaments found in the elbow joint?

    <p>Ligamentum collaterale laterale and ligamentum collaterale mediale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament is present between the radius and ulna in large animals?

    <p>Membrane interossea antebrachii.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the elastic ligament found between the radius and ulna in carnivores?

    <p>Ligamentum olecrani.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the extra synovial joint located between the radius and ulna in carnivores?

    <p>Articulatio radioulnaris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two connections between the radius and ulna in carnivores?

    <p>Articulatio radioulnaris proximallis and articulatio radioulnar distalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main ligament that keeps the radius and ulna together?

    <p>Ligamentum anulare radii.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones form the carpal joint?

    <p>Distal of the radius and ulna, the carpal bones and the proximal of the metacarpal bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the carpal joint?

    <p>Composite joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the key ligaments found in the carpal joint.

    <p>Ligamentum collaterale laterale, ligamentum collaterale mediale, ligamentum intercarpeum interosseum, ligamentum intercarpea dorsalia, ligamentum accessorioulnare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of phalangeal joints?

    <p>Metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in ligaments found in the phalangeal joints of ruminants vs. carnivores?

    <p>Ruminants have lig. interdigitale proximale and lig. interdigitale distale, while carnivores have ligg. dorsalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones form the metacarpophalangeal joint?

    <p>Metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx, and the sesamoid bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?

    <p>Composite joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the ligaments found in the metacarpophalangeal joint.

    <p>Lig. collaterale, lig. sesamoideum collaterale, lig. sesamoideum obliquum, lig. sesamoideum rectum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones form the proximal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Proximal and middle part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the proximal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Saddle Joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament is found in the proximal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Lig. collaterale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bones form the distal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Middle and distal part, sesamoid bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the distal interphalangeal joint?

    <p>Composite joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the ligaments found in the distal interphalangeal joint.

    <p>Lig. collaterale, lig. sesamoideum distale impar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones form the sacroiliac joint?

    <p>Sacrum and hip bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

    <p>Simple joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the sacroiliac joint in carnivores and other animals?

    <p>Carnivores have only two ligaments: lig. sacroiliac dorsale and lig. sacrotuberale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main ligament found in the hip joint?

    <p>Lig. capitis ossis femoris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage covers articular surfaces?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of hyaline cartilage?

    <p>It has no perichondrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four zones found within hyaline cartilage?

    <p>Superficial (tangential) zone, intermediate (transitional) zone, deep (radial) zone, and calcified zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the superficial (tangential) zone?

    <p>Pressure resistant region closest to the articular surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of collagen fibrils in the superficial (tangential) zone?

    <p>They are arranged in fascicles parallel to the free surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the intermediate (transitional) zone?

    <p>It lies below the superficial zone and contains round chondrocytes randomly distributed within the matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of collagen fibrils in the intermediate (transitional) zone?

    <p>Collagen is less organized and is arranged in a somewhat oblique orientation to the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the deep (radial) zone?

    <p>It contains small, round chondrocytes arranged in short columns perpendicular to the free surface of the cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of collagen fibrils in the deep (radial) zone?

    <p>The collagen fibrils are positioned between columns parallel to the long axis of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the calcified zone?

    <p>It separates the deep zone from the calcified bone and provides a smooth, undulating boundary line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tidemark?

    <p>A smooth, undulating, heavily calcified line that separates the calcified zone from the deep zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the synovial membrane?

    <p>To produce synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and provides nutrients to the cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, allows slight movement of the vertebrae, and functions as a shock absorber for the spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the intervertebral disc?

    <p>Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are found in the annulus fibrosus?

    <p>Fibrocytes-like cells and chondrocytes-like cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are found in the nucleus pulposus?

    <p>Clustered notochordal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

    A composite joint between the skull and mandible, containing an articular disc.

    TMJ Ligaments (Small animals)

    Ligamentum laterale.

    TMJ Ligaments (Large animals)

    Ligamentum laterale and Ligamentum caudale.

    Atlanto-occipital Joint

    Simple joint between the occipital bone and the first vertebra (atlas).

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    Atlanto-axial Joint

    Simple joint between the first (atlas) and second (axis) vertebrae.

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    Intervertebral Joints

    Cartilaginous joints between vertebrae bodies, with synovial joints in articular processes.

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    Vertebral Column Ligaments (Long)

    Ligaments running along the vertebral column, with three main types.

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    Vertebral Column Ligaments (Short)

    Ligaments connecting adjacent vertebrae, in spinal process, transverse processes and arches.

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    Nuchal Ligament

    Supports the head by reducing muscles tension during movement.

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    Costovertebral Joints (Articulations)

    Joints between ribs and thoracic vertebrae, head and neck of ribs.

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    Shoulder Joint (Articulatio humeri)

    Multiaxial joint between the scapula and humerus.

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    Elbow Joint (Articulatio cubiti)

    Composite, uniaxial joint connecting the humerus, radius, and ulna.

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    Carpal Joints

    Joint between radius, ulna, carpal bones, and metacarpal bones.

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    Phalangeal Joints

    Joints between the fingers formed by metacarpal, proximal, and distal phalanx.

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    Sacroiliac Joint (Articulatio sacroiliaca)

    Joint between the sacrum and hip bone. Very limited movement.

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    Hip Joint

    Multiaxial joint between the hip bone and the femur.

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    Stifle Joint

    Joint between femur, tibia, fibula (knee equivalent).

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    Tarsal Joint

    Joint between tibia, fibula, and metatarsal bones (ankle equivalent).

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    Articular Cartilage

    Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces; no perichondrium.

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    Synovial Joint Components

    Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and joint cavity.

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    Joint Capsule Layers

    Articular cartilage, dense connective tissue, and synovial membrane.

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    Intervertebral Disc

    Cartilaginous disc between vertebrae; shock absorber and ligament substitute.

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    Study Notes

    Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

    • Bones: Formed by the squamous part of the skull and the condylar process of the mandible.
    • Type: Composite joint (more than 2 articular surfaces).
    • Ligaments (Small animals): Ligamentum laterale.
    • Ligaments (Large animals): Ligamentum laterale and Ligamentum caudale.
    • Species difference: Small animals (dogs, pigs) have one ligament; large animals (horses, oxen) have two.

    Atlanto-occipital Joint

    • Bones: Occipital bone and the first vertebrae.
    • Type: Simple joint.
    • Ligaments: Ligamentum laterale, membrane dorsale atlanto occipitalis, membrane ventrale atlanto occipitalis.

    Atlanto-axial Joint

    • Bones: Between the first and second vertebrae.
    • Type: Simple joint.
    • Ligaments (Inside the canal): Longitudinal ligament, right alar ligament.
    • Ligaments (Dorsal aspect): Ligamentum atlantoaxiale dorsale.
    • Ligaments (Ventral aspect): Ligamentum atlantoaxiale ventrale (only in ruminants and horses). In dogs and pigs: ligamentum transversum atlantis.

    Articulations Between Adjacent Vertebrae

    • Structures: Cartilages (discus intervertebrae) act as shock absorbers. Synovial joints in the articular processes.
    • Long Ligaments: Three ligaments span the vertebral column; one on the spinal process, one inside the canal, and one on the ventral side.
    • Short Ligaments: Connect adjacent vertebrae: interspinalia, intertransversia, and flava (yellow ligament).

    Nuchal Ligament

    • Structure: Two parts; funiculus nuchae (rope-like) and lamina nuchae (flat).
    • Function: Supports the weight of the animal's head, relieving load from the head and neck muscles.
    • Species Differences: Large animals (ox, horse pigs) have the same structure. Small animals (dogs, cats) have a shorter neck and thus do not have such a ligament.

    Thoracic Vertebrae-Rib Articulations

    • Bones: Between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae.
    • Types of Articulations: Two joints occur:
      • Articularis capitis costae (between vertebrae and the head of the rib).
      • Costotransverse articulation (between vertebrae and the neck of the rib).
    • Ligaments: Capitis costae, costotransverse, and tuberculum ligaments connect the ribs to the vertebrae.

    Shoulder Joint

    • Bones: Scapula and the humerus.
    • Type: Simple, multiaxial joint.
    • Ligaments: Coracohumeral ligament. In carnivores, glenohumeral ligaments.
    • Species Differences: Large mammals have one ligament (coracohumeral). Carnivores have two (glenohumeral).
    • Birds: Specific peculiarities in the shoulder joint structures.

    Elbow Joint

    • Bones: Distal humerus and radius and ulna.
    • Type: Composite, uniaxial joint.
    • Ligaments: Collateral ligaments.
    • Species differences: Collateral ligaments are present.

    Carpal Joint

    • Bones: Distal radius and ulna, the carpal bones, and proximal metacarpal bones.
    • Type: Hinge, composite, uniaxial.
    • Ligaments: Interosseous, intercarpea, and accessory ligaments.
    • Species Differences: Species variation in ligament presence and arrangements exist between species.

    Phalangeal Joints (Metacarpophalangeal, Proximal and Distal Interphalangeal Joints):

    • Bones: Components of the joints include metacarpal, sesamoid, and phalangeal bones depending on the specific joint.
    • Types: Uniaxial, composite, saddle.
    • Ligaments: Collateral, sesamoid ligaments.
    • Species Differences: Variations in the ligaments and articulations are seen in ruminants and carnivores.

    Sacroiliac Joint

    • Bones: Sacrum and the hip bone.
    • Type: Simple, plane, tight joint (limited movement).
    • Ligaments: Sacroiliac dorsale, sacrotuberale.
    • Species Differences: In carnivores, the sacroiliac joint has two main ligaments.

    Hip Joint (Coxal Joint)

    • Bones: Hip bone (acetabulum) and femur.
    • Type: Simple, multiaxial.
    • Ligaments: Ligament of the head of the femur (strong).
    • Species Differences: in birds particularities exist in the hip joint structures

    Stifle Joint (Knee Joint)

    • Bones: Femur, tibia, and fibula.
    • Type:
    • Ligaments:
    • Species Differences:

    Tarsal Joint

    • Bones: Tibia, fibula, and metatarsal bones.
    • Type:
    • Ligaments:
    • Species Differences:

    Articular Cartilage

    • Structure: Hyaline cartilage, no perichondrium.
    • Zones: Superficial (tangential), intermediate, deep (radial), calcified.
    • Function: Acts as a shock absorber for joints. Protects the bone and facilitates smooth movement

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