Vertebrata Characteristics

Endoskeleton = Provides a surface for muscle attachment Cranium = Protects the brain and spinal cord Vertebral column = Supports the body Pharynx = Traps food particles before swallowing

Increased efficiency of respiratory and circulatory systems = More advanced and complex nervous system Development of paired appendages = Increased efficiency of respiratory and circulatory systems Protection of vital organs = Presence of internal endoskeleton Greater coordination in movements = Development of paired appendages

Backbone = Single, non-jointed axis of movement Vertebral column = Segmented axis of movement Skull = Protects the brain Endoskeleton = External skeleton

<p>Increased efficiency of respiratory and circulatory systems = Supports high-energy activities Development of paired appendages = Allows movement on land Internal endoskeleton = Provides support and protection Advanced nervous system = Enables complex movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swimming = Movement in water Flying = Movement in air Running = Movement on land Climbing = Movement on vertical surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper arm = Short, directed posteriorly Forearm = Longer, directed forward Wrist and hand = Fused together and directed caudad Hind limbs = Clothed partially by feathers and partially with horny scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Snakes = Have lost their paired appendages Fish = Have a single, non-jointed axis of movement Bony fish = Have a segmented axis of movement Vertebrates = Have an external skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First digit = Points posteriorly Second digit = Directed forward Third digit = Directed forward All digits = Directed ventrally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anus or cloaca = Under the base of the tail Papillae = At the tip of the tail Uropygial gland = On the dorsal side of the body Rectrices = On the ventral side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body surface covered with hair = Class Mammalia Integument with several types of glands = Class Aves Four chambered heart = Class Reptilia Muscular diaphragm = Class Amphibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectrices = Used for flying Papillae = Used for perching Uropygial gland = Used for preening feathers Hind limbs = Used for grasping</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teeth = Borne on bony jaws Integument = Covered with feathers Heart = Three chambered Diaphragm = Separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feathers = Class Aves Horny beaks = Reptiles and Birds Scales on legs = Reptiles Teeth = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feathers = Retain body heat Femoral pores = Secret waxy material Scales on legs = Protect legs from wear Claws on feet = Grasp and climb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged scales behind the anus = Males Femoral pores = Males Pre-anal pores = Females Transverse slit anus = Both sexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lay amniotic eggs = Reptiles and Birds Have teeth = Reptiles only Have claws on feet = Reptiles and Birds Have feathers = Mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thigh = Right angles to the body axis Shank = Directed ventrally Foot = On a plane parallel to the ground Anus = Directed dorsally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modified reptiles = Class Aves Modified birds = Class Reptilia Have scales on legs = Class Mammalia Have feathers = Class Reptilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neck = Region that includes the pectoral girdle, fore-limbs and the rib cage Thorax = Connection between the head and the trunk Abdomen = Region that lies posterior to the thorax and contains the peritoneal cavity Pelvic girdle = Region that comprises the anterior region of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forelimbs = Consist of four digits with the third and fourth digits making up the cloven hoof Hindlimbs = Have a similar organization to the forelimbs Pendactyl structure = A five-fingered structure lost in pigs Dorsal portion of the neck = Has powerful muscles that aid in gnawing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Umbilical cord = Attached to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus Rib cage = Encloses vital organs such as the heart and lungs Pectoral girdle = Located in the thoracic region Pelvic girdle = Located at the posterior end of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorax = Includes the heart and lungs Abdomen = Includes the peritoneal cavity Neck = Includes powerful muscles for gnawing behavior Pelvic girdle = Includes the hindlimbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digits = Reduced in size and posterior in location for the second and fifth digits Forelimbs = Have a similar organization to the hindlimbs Neck muscles = Powerful and aid in gnawing behavior Cloven hoof = Made up of the third and fourth digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rib cage = Encloses vital organs Umbilical cord = Provides nourishment to the fetus Neck muscles = Aid in gnawing behavior Pelvic girdle = Supports the hindlimbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyes = Hard, rounded dorsal cap between the ears Ears = Strong lower jaws below the mouth Snout = Elongated region of the head, flattened on one end and bearing a pair of nostrils at the anterior end Cranium = Large, with a pair of nostrils at the anterior end</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorax = Posterior end of the trunk Abdomen = Anterior region of the trunk Tail = Posterior end of the trunk Neck = Between the head and the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vibrissae = Protection of the eyes Lower jaws = Supporting the mouth Mammary glands = Nourishment of the young after birth Fetal membranes = Attachment for nourishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uterus = Environment for fetal development Placental attachment = Nourishment during fetal development Fetal membranes = Protection during fetal development Milk production = Nourishment after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trunk = Region of the body that includes the thorax and abdomen Head = Region of the body that includes the eyes, ears, and snout Neck = Region of the body that connects the head and the trunk Tail = Region of the body that includes the posterior end of the trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convenient size = Why it is used as an example of mammalian anatomy Ready availability = Why it is used as an example of mammalian anatomy Relatively low cost = Why it is used as an example of mammalian anatomy Typical of mammals = Why it is used as an example of mammalian anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers