Vertebral Column: Development & Congenital Disease
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Questions and Answers

What evolutionary process, described in the text, leads to the retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult form?

Neoteny

What type of embryonic tissue do somites originate from?

Paraxial mesoderm

During the mesenchymatous stage of vertebral development, what three structures are formed from the migration of sclerotome cells?

Perinotochordal sheath, neural arch, costal element

What is the main driver of vertebral segmentation?

<p>Gene expression and blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to somites, where do the intervertebral discs form in the developing vertebral column?

<p>At the location of a vertebral segment, which is between two somites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific type of cartilage forms the vertebral bodies during development?

<p>hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to the somites, where do vertebral bodies form?

<p>in the gap between adjacent somites</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Von Baer's laws of embryology, which structure appears first: the notochord or the vertebral column?

<p>The notochord appears first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the intervertebral muscles, in relation to the somites?

<p>one intervertebral muscle comes from each somite</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the notochord in juvenile chordates?

<p>The notochord acts as a stiffening rod for muscle attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what level of the vertebral column does the mixed spinal nerve exit?

<p>at the level of the intervertebral disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two key features that distinguish vertebrates from other chordates.

<p>Vertebrates possess a vertebral column and paired sense organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the notochordal remnant that is found within the developing intervertebral disc?

<p>nucleus pulposus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the presence of a notochord, what are three other characteristics shared by all chordates?

<p>All chordates also have a hollow dorsal nerve tube, a pharynx, and a ventral heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the movement provided by segmented muscles acting on a notochord.

<p>The notochord enables side-to-side alternating movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fibrous circle that develops around the notochordal remnant?

<p>annulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from the failure of one of the paired cartilage centers to develop, causing vertebral asymmetry?

<p>hemivertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the notochord and tail when a juvenile chordate transitions to an adult form that is fixed to a substrate?

<p>The notochord and tail are lost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ossification stage, which primary ossification center is unpaired?

<p>centrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of morphological formation and growth during vertebral development?

<p>The three stages are mesenchymatous, cartilaginous, and osseous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of a notochord contribute to the development of the vertebral column?

<p>The vertebral column develops in response to signals from the notochord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Hox genes during embryonic development, as described in the context?

<p>Hox genes control body segment features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the embryonic rodent study, what skeletal changes resulted from the loss of the Hox10 gene?

<p>The loss of Hox10 caused additional ribs to develop in the lumbar and sacral regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary ossification centers in the vertebral column at birth?

<p>The centrum and neural primary ossification centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the centrum and the neural arch, list three secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty in the vertebral column.

<p>Spinous process, transverse and mammillary processes, and ring epiphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure called once the ring epiphysis closes in adulthood, and when does this typically occur?

<p>It is called the ring apophysis, and it closes around 20 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During vertebral development, what structure allows for the expansion of the spinal cord and further growth of the vertebral column?

<p>The continued growth of the costal (or spinal) elements beyond birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ossification stage and why is it the longest developmental stage in vertebral development?

<p>The primary ossification stage occurs when bone grows, but cartilage growth plates continue to separate the ossification centres. This stage is the longest because these cartilage plates don't ossify until about 6-8 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary ossification centers during vertebral development, and which one is unpaired?

<p>The three ossification centers are the centrum, neural arches, and costal elements. The centrum is the unpaired center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the notochord in the development of block vertebra.

<p>Block vertebra forms when too few notochordal cells remain and this loss of cells causes the ossification to obliterate the disc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between notochordal cells and the formation of a butterfly vertebra.

<p>Butterfly vertebra formation is influenced by too many notochordal cells remaining, which retards ossification of the centrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vertebral element forms the central portion of the vertebral bodies, and does it complete the whole body?

<p>The centrum element forms the central portion of the vertebral bodies. It does not form the whole vertebral body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides forming ribs in the thorax, what other structures or features can the costal elements contribute to in other regions of the vertebra?

<p>In regions outside the thorax, the costal elements contribute different features to the respective vertebra and are not always forming ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the two types of cartilage that are present during the osseous stage of development?

<p>The two types of cartilage are inter-laminar and neuro-central cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vertebral Column: Development & Congenital Disease

  • Goal: Relate stages of vertebral development to developmental errors and clinical manifestations.
  • Outcomes:
    • Describe notochord development and its role in vertebral development.
    • Describe vertebral development from somite origin, segmentation, and morphological stages (mesenchymal, cartilaginous, and osseous).
    • Identify congenital malformations, their origins, and relation to vertebral development age.
    • Define vertebral elements, their differences in regions, and correlation to Hox gene expression.
    • Describe vertebral column growth.
  • Outline:
    • Rise of vertebrates
    • Stages of vertebral development and developmental errors
    • Vertebral elements
    • Growth of the vertebral column

Chordates & Vertebrates

  • Chordates have a notochord, hollow dorsal nerve tube, pharynx, ventral heart, and a tail extending beyond the anus.
  • Vertebrates have a vertebral column, paired sense organs, and thyroid/pituitary glands.
  • Vertebral column development is dictated by notochord signals.
  • Von Baer's Laws of embryology state general features appear first.

Vertebrates: Those Who Refused to Grow Up

  • Juvenile chordates have characteristics like a head, spinal cord, and a tail extending beyond the anus.
  • Notochord acts as a supportive rod for muscle attachment, enabling alternating side-to-side movement.
  • Notochord and tail are lost when the creature settles and matures.
  • Neotony is the evolutionary process where juvenile characteristics persist in adulthood.
  • Metamorphosis is absent in neotenic species.
  • Vertebral development is a 3-step process (mesenchymal, cartilaginous, and osseous).

Mesenchymal Stage (4-6 weeks)

  • Somites are paraxial mesoderm.
  • Sclerotome cells from somites migrate to different locations: perinotochordal sheath, neural arch, and costal elements.
  • Blood vessels form between somites, aiding sclerotome and somitomere nutrition.
  • Vertebral segmentation is controlled by gene expression and blood supply.
  • Each vertebra is formed from components of two adjacent somites (intersegmental).

Cartilaginous Stage (6-9 weeks)

  • Mesenchyme is replaced by hyaline cartilage.
  • Paired primary centers of chondrification develop into the centrum, neural arches, and costal elements.
  • Intervertebral discs form along the notochordal region.

Osseous Stage (8-10 weeks GA – 6-8 years)

  • Primary ossification centers (centrum, neural arches, and costal elements) emerge.
  • Bone growth occurs, but cartilage growth plates remain until ~6-8 years.
  • Neurocentral and interlaminar cartilage is part of the primary ossification.
  • Costal centers either form ribs or fuse with the rest of the vertebrae.

Problems & Developmental Anomalies

  • Block vertebrae: Insufficient notochordal cells can lead to ossification issues and IVD formation failures
  • Butterfly vertebrae: Excessive notochordal cells can delay centrum ossification, causing skeletal abnormalities.

Vertebral Elements

  • Centrum: Central part of vertebral bodies, not the whole body.
  • Neural arch: Dorsal arch surrounding the spinal cord, with zygapophyseal joints and mammillary processes aiding lateral body support.
  • Costal elements: Form ribs in the thoracic region or different structures in other parts.

Growth of the Vertebral Column

  • Vertebral bodies continue to grow in the pre-adolescence, puberty, and late adolescent stages.
  • Cartilage growth plates separate centers of ossification until ~6-8 years.
  • Secondary ossification centers emerge in the spinous processes, transverse processes, and ring epiphysis at puberty.
  • Epiphyses (growth plates) close in adulthood, but surface remodeling continues, affecting spinal shape, not height.

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Vertebral Column Development - Anatomy 01 - 2025-01-22

Description

Explore the stages of vertebral development and their relation to congenital diseases in this detailed quiz. Understand notochord development, vertebral origin from somites, and various malformations. Learn about the growth of the vertebral column and the influence of Hox genes on vertebral elements.

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