Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which intercostal nerves are classified as typical intercostal nerves?
Which intercostal nerves are classified as typical intercostal nerves?
What is the primary action of the intercostal muscles?
What is the primary action of the intercostal muscles?
Which branch of the intercostal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the parietal pleura?
Which branch of the intercostal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the parietal pleura?
What connects the first intercostal nerve to the brachial plexus?
What connects the first intercostal nerve to the brachial plexus?
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Which of the following nerves runs in the abdominal wall as the subcostal nerve?
Which of the following nerves runs in the abdominal wall as the subcostal nerve?
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What is the pathway of the typical intercostal nerve in the intercostal space?
What is the pathway of the typical intercostal nerve in the intercostal space?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the 2nd intercostal nerve?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the 2nd intercostal nerve?
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Which type of branch is NOT given off by a typical intercostal nerve?
Which type of branch is NOT given off by a typical intercostal nerve?
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Which intercostal nerves supply the abdominal skin and muscles?
Which intercostal nerves supply the abdominal skin and muscles?
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What is the origin of the internal thoracic artery?
What is the origin of the internal thoracic artery?
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Which muscles are supplied by the 1st to 6th intercostal nerves?
Which muscles are supplied by the 1st to 6th intercostal nerves?
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What area does the superior epigastric artery supply?
What area does the superior epigastric artery supply?
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Where does the internal thoracic artery end?
Where does the internal thoracic artery end?
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What type of arteries supply the first six intercostal spaces anteriorly?
What type of arteries supply the first six intercostal spaces anteriorly?
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Which of the following arteries accompanies the phrenic nerve?
Which of the following arteries accompanies the phrenic nerve?
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Which arteries supply the lower nine intercostal spaces posteriorly?
Which arteries supply the lower nine intercostal spaces posteriorly?
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What forms the intervertebral foramen?
What forms the intervertebral foramen?
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Which type of joints articulate between the bodies of mobile vertebrae?
Which type of joints articulate between the bodies of mobile vertebrae?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding typical thoracic vertebrae?
Which of the following statements is true regarding typical thoracic vertebrae?
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How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body, and how are they classified?
How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body, and how are they classified?
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What distinguishes atypical thoracic ribs from typical ones?
What distinguishes atypical thoracic ribs from typical ones?
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Which characteristic is unique to the 11th thoracic vertebra?
Which characteristic is unique to the 11th thoracic vertebra?
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What is the primary role of the costal groove in typical ribs?
What is the primary role of the costal groove in typical ribs?
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What type of joint is formed between the atlanto-occipital joints?
What type of joint is formed between the atlanto-occipital joints?
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What is the primary function of the anterior intercostal arteries?
What is the primary function of the anterior intercostal arteries?
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Which structures do the posterior intercostal veins primarily drain into?
Which structures do the posterior intercostal veins primarily drain into?
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What is the primary action of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
What is the primary action of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
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What is the main action of the subcostal muscle?
What is the main action of the subcostal muscle?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT classified as a true muscle of the thoracic wall?
Which of the following muscles is NOT classified as a true muscle of the thoracic wall?
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What is the role of the levatores costarum muscles?
What is the role of the levatores costarum muscles?
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Which of the following is a primary innervating nerve for the diaphragm?
Which of the following is a primary innervating nerve for the diaphragm?
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Where does the transversus thoracis muscle originate?
Where does the transversus thoracis muscle originate?
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Which muscle is responsible for depressing the ribs during expiration?
Which muscle is responsible for depressing the ribs during expiration?
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Which artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries in the lower spaces?
Which artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries in the lower spaces?
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What connects the medial borders of the crura of the diaphragm?
What connects the medial borders of the crura of the diaphragm?
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What nerve supplies the serratus posterior superior muscle?
What nerve supplies the serratus posterior superior muscle?
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How do the lateral arcuate ligaments function in relation to the diaphragm?
How do the lateral arcuate ligaments function in relation to the diaphragm?
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What is the primary shape of the diaphragm?
What is the primary shape of the diaphragm?
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What is the inferior attachment point of the subcostal muscle?
What is the inferior attachment point of the subcostal muscle?
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What are the crura of the diaphragm primarily composed of?
What are the crura of the diaphragm primarily composed of?
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Study Notes
Vertebral Column
- The vertebral column is composed of multiple vertebrae that articulate with each other through synovial joints between the articular processes and cartilaginous joints between the vertebral bodies.
- The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) are the only vertebrae that do not articulate with each other through intervertebral discs.
- The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint between the atlas and the occipital bone of the skull, allowing for nodding movement.
- The atlantoaxial joint is a synovial joint between the atlas and the axis, allowing for rotation of the head.
- Intervertebral foramina are formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae.
- These foramina allow for the passage of spinal nerves.
Thoracic Vertebrae
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Typical Thoracic Vertebrae (T2-T9):
- Heart-shaped body with superior and inferior demi-facets for articulation with the heads of ribs.
- Long, pointed spinous process directed backwards and downwards.
- Thick transverse processes with a complete facet for articulation with the tubercle of the corresponding rib.
- Small and round vertebral foramen.
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Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae (T1, T10-T12):
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T1: Complete facet on the body and transverse process for rib articulation.
- Has an inferior demi-facet for the head of the 2nd rib.
- T10: Complete facet on the body for rib articulation.
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T11 & T12:
- Complete facet on the body for rib articulation.
- Small transverse processes with no facet for tubercle of rib articulation.
- T11: Flat inferior articular facet.
- T12: Convex inferior articular facet.
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T1: Complete facet on the body and transverse process for rib articulation.
Ribs
- There are 12 pairs of ribs.
- All ribs are attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae.
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Rib Classification:
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Based on Sternum Attachment:
- True Ribs (1-7): Direct connection to the sternum through their own costal cartilage.
- False Ribs (8-10): Attach to the sternum indirectly through the costal cartilage of the 7th rib.
- Floating Ribs (11-12): Do not have anterior attachment to the sternum.
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Based on Vertebral Column Attachment:
- Typical Ribs (3-9): Typically shaped and attach to the vertebrae in a specific pattern.
- Atypical Ribs (1, 2, 10, 11): Vary in shape and/or articulation with the vertebrae.
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Based on Sternum Attachment:
Intercostal VAN
- The intercostal nerves are anterior rami of the first eleven thoracic spinal nerves.
- The anterior ramus of the 12th thoracic nerve is called the subcostal nerve and lies in the abdomen.
- Intercostal nerves supply intercostal muscles, skin of the chest, and abdominal wall.
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Intercostal Nerves Classification:
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Typical Intercostal Nerves (3-6): Run in the subcostal groove between the innermost and internal intercostal muscles.
- Give off branches that supply the parietal pleura, parietal peritoneum, and skin of the chest and abdominal wall.
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Typical Intercostal Nerves (3-6): Run in the subcostal groove between the innermost and internal intercostal muscles.
- Atypical Intercostal Nerves (1, 2, 7-11): Have variations in their branches and distribution.
Intercostal Arteries
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Posterior Intercostal Arteries:
- Supply the upper two intercostal spaces (from superior intercostal artery, a branch of costocervical trunk).
- Supply the lower nine intercostal spaces (from descending thoracic aorta).
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Anterior Intercostal Arteries:
- Supply the upper six intercostal spaces (from internal thoracic artery, a branch of the subclavian artery).
- Supply the lower intercostal spaces (from musculophrenic artery, a terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery).
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Internal Thoracic Artery:
- Supplies the anterior chest wall and abdomen.
- Branches into superior epigastric artery and musculophrenic artery.
Intercostal Veins
- The posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos or hemiazygos veins.
- The anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic and musculophrenic veins.
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall
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Accessory Muscles of Inspiration:
- Axio-appendicular muscles: Pectoralis major, minor, and serratus anterior.
- Anterolateral abdominal muscles: External oblique and rectus abdominis.
- Back and neck muscles: Scalenus muscles.
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True Muscles of the Thoracic Wall:
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Serratus Posterior Muscles:
- Superior: Elevates ribs (inspiration).
- Inferior: Depresses ribs (expiration).
- Levatores Costarum Muscles: Elevates ribs (inspiration).
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Intercostal Muscles:
- External: Elevates ribs during inspiration.
- Internal: Depresses ribs during expiration.
- Innermost: Assists internal intercostal muscles.
- Subcostal Muscle: Depresses ribs during expiration
- Transversus Thoracis Muscle: Depresses ribs during expiration.
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Serratus Posterior Muscles:
Diaphragm
- The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
- It is the primary muscle of respiration.
- The diaphragm has a central tendon and peripheral muscular parts:
- Sternal Part: Arises from the xiphoid process.
- Costal Part: Arises from the deep surfaces of the lower six ribs and their costal cartilages.
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Vertebral Part: Arises from the two crura and arcuate ligaments.
- The right crus is larger than the left and arises from the bodies of the first three lumbar vertebrae.
- The left crus is from the first two lumbar vertebrae.
- The central tendon is located near the xiphisternal joint.
- The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the vertebral column, including the structure and function of different vertebrae. Focus areas include synovial joints, intervertebral discs, and the unique characteristics of thoracic vertebrae. Test your knowledge on key concepts related to spinal anatomy.
