Vertebral Column and Thoracic Vertebrae
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Vertebral Column and Thoracic Vertebrae

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Questions and Answers

Which intercostal nerves are classified as typical intercostal nerves?

  • T3-T6 (correct)
  • T7-T11
  • T12
  • T1-T2

    • What is the primary action of the intercostal muscles?

  • Facilitate breathing (correct)
  • Aid in abdominal contraction
  • Support rib stability
  • Assist in spinal movement

    • Which branch of the intercostal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the parietal pleura?

  • Collateral branch
  • Muscular branch
  • Lateral cutaneous branch
  • Pleural sensory branch (correct)

    • What connects the first intercostal nerve to the brachial plexus?

    <p>Intercostobrachial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves runs in the abdominal wall as the subcostal nerve?

    <p>12th thoracic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the typical intercostal nerve in the intercostal space?

    <p>Runs between the pleura and internal intercostal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the 2nd intercostal nerve?

    <p>It shares a connection with the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of branch is NOT given off by a typical intercostal nerve?

    <p>Thoracic sympathetic branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intercostal nerves supply the abdominal skin and muscles?

    <p>7th to 11th intercostal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the internal thoracic artery?

    <p>First part of the subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are supplied by the 1st to 6th intercostal nerves?

    <p>External oblique and intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area does the superior epigastric artery supply?

    <p>The rectus muscle up to the umbilicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the internal thoracic artery end?

    <p>At the sixth intercostal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arteries supply the first six intercostal spaces anteriorly?

    <p>Branches of the internal thoracic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries accompanies the phrenic nerve?

    <p>Pericardiacophrenic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply the lower nine intercostal spaces posteriorly?

    <p>Branches of the descending thoracic aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the intervertebral foramen?

    <p>The superior notch of one vertebra and the inferior notch of an adjacent vertebra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joints articulate between the bodies of mobile vertebrae?

    <p>Cartilaginous joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding typical thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>They possess demifacets for the head of ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body, and how are they classified?

    <p>12 pairs: 7 true, 3 false, and 2 floating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes atypical thoracic ribs from typical ones?

    <p>Atypical ribs have unique facets for vertebral articulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to the 11th thoracic vertebra?

    <p>No facet for the tubercle of the rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the costal groove in typical ribs?

    <p>To house the intercostal vessels and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is formed between the atlanto-occipital joints?

    <p>Synovial joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anterior intercostal arteries?

    <p>Provide branches to muscles, skin, and parietal pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures do the posterior intercostal veins primarily drain into?

    <p>Azygos or hemiazygos veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the serratus posterior superior muscle?

    <p>Elevates the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the subcostal muscle?

    <p>Depresses the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT classified as a true muscle of the thoracic wall?

    <p>Scalenus muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the levatores costarum muscles?

    <p>Raise the rib below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary innervating nerve for the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the transversus thoracis muscle originate?

    <p>Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for depressing the ribs during expiration?

    <p>Serratus posterior inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries in the lower spaces?

    <p>Musculophrenic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the medial borders of the crura of the diaphragm?

    <p>Median arcuate ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve supplies the serratus posterior superior muscle?

    <p>Intercostal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the lateral arcuate ligaments function in relation to the diaphragm?

    <p>Extend to the 12th rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary shape of the diaphragm?

    <p>Dome-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inferior attachment point of the subcostal muscle?

    <p>Superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the crura of the diaphragm primarily composed of?

    <p>Vertical columns from lumbar vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vertebral Column

    • The vertebral column is composed of multiple vertebrae that articulate with each other through synovial joints between the articular processes and cartilaginous joints between the vertebral bodies.
    • The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) are the only vertebrae that do not articulate with each other through intervertebral discs.
    • The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint between the atlas and the occipital bone of the skull, allowing for nodding movement.
    • The atlantoaxial joint is a synovial joint between the atlas and the axis, allowing for rotation of the head.
    • Intervertebral foramina are formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae.
    • These foramina allow for the passage of spinal nerves.

    Thoracic Vertebrae

    • Typical Thoracic Vertebrae (T2-T9):
      • Heart-shaped body with superior and inferior demi-facets for articulation with the heads of ribs.
      • Long, pointed spinous process directed backwards and downwards.
      • Thick transverse processes with a complete facet for articulation with the tubercle of the corresponding rib.
      • Small and round vertebral foramen.
    • Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae (T1, T10-T12):
      • T1: Complete facet on the body and transverse process for rib articulation.
        • Has an inferior demi-facet for the head of the 2nd rib.
      • T10: Complete facet on the body for rib articulation.
      • T11 & T12:
        • Complete facet on the body for rib articulation.
        • Small transverse processes with no facet for tubercle of rib articulation.
        • T11: Flat inferior articular facet.
        • T12: Convex inferior articular facet.

    Ribs

    • There are 12 pairs of ribs.
    • All ribs are attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae.
    • Rib Classification:
      • Based on Sternum Attachment:
        • True Ribs (1-7): Direct connection to the sternum through their own costal cartilage.
        • False Ribs (8-10): Attach to the sternum indirectly through the costal cartilage of the 7th rib.
        • Floating Ribs (11-12): Do not have anterior attachment to the sternum.
      • Based on Vertebral Column Attachment:
        • Typical Ribs (3-9): Typically shaped and attach to the vertebrae in a specific pattern.
        • Atypical Ribs (1, 2, 10, 11): Vary in shape and/or articulation with the vertebrae.

    Intercostal VAN

    • The intercostal nerves are anterior rami of the first eleven thoracic spinal nerves.
    • The anterior ramus of the 12th thoracic nerve is called the subcostal nerve and lies in the abdomen.
    • Intercostal nerves supply intercostal muscles, skin of the chest, and abdominal wall.
    • Intercostal Nerves Classification:
      • Typical Intercostal Nerves (3-6): Run in the subcostal groove between the innermost and internal intercostal muscles.
        • Give off branches that supply the parietal pleura, parietal peritoneum, and skin of the chest and abdominal wall.
    • Atypical Intercostal Nerves (1, 2, 7-11): Have variations in their branches and distribution.

    Intercostal Arteries

    • Posterior Intercostal Arteries:
      • Supply the upper two intercostal spaces (from superior intercostal artery, a branch of costocervical trunk).
      • Supply the lower nine intercostal spaces (from descending thoracic aorta).
    • Anterior Intercostal Arteries:
      • Supply the upper six intercostal spaces (from internal thoracic artery, a branch of the subclavian artery).
      • Supply the lower intercostal spaces (from musculophrenic artery, a terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery).
    • Internal Thoracic Artery:
      • Supplies the anterior chest wall and abdomen.
      • Branches into superior epigastric artery and musculophrenic artery.

    Intercostal Veins

    • The posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos or hemiazygos veins.
    • The anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic and musculophrenic veins.

    Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

    • Accessory Muscles of Inspiration:
      • Axio-appendicular muscles: Pectoralis major, minor, and serratus anterior.
      • Anterolateral abdominal muscles: External oblique and rectus abdominis.
      • Back and neck muscles: Scalenus muscles.
    • True Muscles of the Thoracic Wall:
      • Serratus Posterior Muscles:
        • Superior: Elevates ribs (inspiration).
        • Inferior: Depresses ribs (expiration).
      • Levatores Costarum Muscles: Elevates ribs (inspiration).
      • Intercostal Muscles:
        • External: Elevates ribs during inspiration.
        • Internal: Depresses ribs during expiration.
        • Innermost: Assists internal intercostal muscles.
      • Subcostal Muscle: Depresses ribs during expiration
      • Transversus Thoracis Muscle: Depresses ribs during expiration.

    Diaphragm

    • The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
    • It is the primary muscle of respiration.
    • The diaphragm has a central tendon and peripheral muscular parts:
      • Sternal Part: Arises from the xiphoid process.
      • Costal Part: Arises from the deep surfaces of the lower six ribs and their costal cartilages.
      • Vertebral Part: Arises from the two crura and arcuate ligaments.
        • The right crus is larger than the left and arises from the bodies of the first three lumbar vertebrae.
        • The left crus is from the first two lumbar vertebrae.
    • The central tendon is located near the xiphisternal joint.
    • The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the vertebral column, including the structure and function of different vertebrae. Focus areas include synovial joints, intervertebral discs, and the unique characteristics of thoracic vertebrae. Test your knowledge on key concepts related to spinal anatomy.

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