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Questions and Answers
What does the hypodermis primarily consist of?
What does the hypodermis primarily consist of?
Which of the following describes the nature of deep fascia compared to superficial fascia?
Which of the following describes the nature of deep fascia compared to superficial fascia?
What type of appearance can be observed in dense fascia?
What type of appearance can be observed in dense fascia?
Which major structures does the investing fascia wrap around in the neck?
Which major structures does the investing fascia wrap around in the neck?
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How are fascias categorized in terms of location within the body?
How are fascias categorized in terms of location within the body?
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What is the primary function of the first cervical vertebra, known as the atlas?
What is the primary function of the first cervical vertebra, known as the atlas?
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What unique feature is found in the cervical region that allows for the passage of the vertebral artery?
What unique feature is found in the cervical region that allows for the passage of the vertebral artery?
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Which type of joint is formed between the atlas and the occipital bone?
Which type of joint is formed between the atlas and the occipital bone?
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What movements are primarily associated with the lano-occipital joint?
What movements are primarily associated with the lano-occipital joint?
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What structure assists in creating the joint between the atlas and the occipital bone?
What structure assists in creating the joint between the atlas and the occipital bone?
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What marks the location of the vertebral artery as it travels through the atlas?
What marks the location of the vertebral artery as it travels through the atlas?
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Which statement about the anatomical features of the atlas is correct?
Which statement about the anatomical features of the atlas is correct?
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What happens to the vertebral artery after it passes through the foramen magnum?
What happens to the vertebral artery after it passes through the foramen magnum?
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What structure serves as an attachment point for treatments on the C2 vertebra?
What structure serves as an attachment point for treatments on the C2 vertebra?
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What type of joint is formed between C1 and C2?
What type of joint is formed between C1 and C2?
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What are the primary ligaments involved in stabilizing the dens process?
What are the primary ligaments involved in stabilizing the dens process?
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Which of the following accurately describes the movement allowed at the atlantoaxial joint?
Which of the following accurately describes the movement allowed at the atlantoaxial joint?
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Where does the transverse ligament attach in relation to the dens process?
Where does the transverse ligament attach in relation to the dens process?
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What is the function of the alar ligaments?
What is the function of the alar ligaments?
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Which anatomical feature is often described as a flat articular surface?
Which anatomical feature is often described as a flat articular surface?
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C1 is best described as having which of the following characteristics?
C1 is best described as having which of the following characteristics?
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What is the primary action of the upper trapezius muscle?
What is the primary action of the upper trapezius muscle?
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Which action is primarily associated with the lower trapezius?
Which action is primarily associated with the lower trapezius?
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What movement does the trapezius facilitate when both sides are working together?
What movement does the trapezius facilitate when both sides are working together?
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What action occurs at the top and bottom of the spine due to specific muscle orientations?
What action occurs at the top and bottom of the spine due to specific muscle orientations?
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How does the middle trapezius contribute to scapular movement?
How does the middle trapezius contribute to scapular movement?
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What type of muscle actions occur when only one side of the trapezius is engaged?
What type of muscle actions occur when only one side of the trapezius is engaged?
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What anatomical feature of the neck is highlighted through the description of muscle actions and orientations?
What anatomical feature of the neck is highlighted through the description of muscle actions and orientations?
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Which of the following movements does the trapezius NOT facilitate?
Which of the following movements does the trapezius NOT facilitate?
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What is the primary function of efferent lymphatic vessels?
What is the primary function of efferent lymphatic vessels?
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Which structure receives lymph from the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
Which structure receives lymph from the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
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Where does the lymph from the left side of the body ultimately drain?
Where does the lymph from the left side of the body ultimately drain?
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What is the distinction between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?
What is the distinction between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?
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What is the role of the thoracic duct in the lymphatic system?
What is the role of the thoracic duct in the lymphatic system?
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What anatomical structure is primarily associated with the collection of lymph on the right side of the body?
What anatomical structure is primarily associated with the collection of lymph on the right side of the body?
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What are the superficial cervical lymph nodes known for in the lymphatic drainage system?
What are the superficial cervical lymph nodes known for in the lymphatic drainage system?
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How does lymph travel from the deep cervical lymph nodes after drainage?
How does lymph travel from the deep cervical lymph nodes after drainage?
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Study Notes
Vertebrae and Joints in the Neck
- The first vertebrae (C1), known as the atlas, articulates with the occipital bone, allowing for nodding movements.
- The articulating surfaces on the atlas are called superior articular surfaces.
- Transverse foramen are holes on the sides of the cervical vertebrae that allow the vertebral artery to pass through.
- The groove for the vertebral artery is a groove on the atlas where the vertebral artery runs before entering the foramen magnum.
- The atlanto-occipital joint is the joint between the atlas and the occipital bone, responsible for flexion and extension movements.
- The second vertebrae (C2), known as the axis, has a prominent bony projection called the dens.
- The atlanto-axial joint is the joint between the atlas and axis, allowing for rotation of the head.
- The transverse ligament wraps around the dens, stabilizing the joint and preventing the dens from displacing forward.
- The alar ligaments connect the dens to the foramen magnum, also providing stability.
Deep Fascia in the Neck
- Deep fascia is a dense layer of connective tissue that encloses and organizes structures in the body.
- The three layers of deep fascia in the neck are:
- Investing fascia: the most superficial layer, encloses the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
- Pretracheal fascia: surrounds the trachea, thyroid gland, and esophagus.
- Buccopharyngeal fascia: located posterior to the pretracheal fascia.
Neck Muscles
- The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates from the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
- The sternocleidomastoid muscle extends the top of the spine, flexes the bottom of the spine, and can also cause protraction and retraction of the head
- The trapezius muscle has three parts:
- Upper trapezius: elevates and upwardly rotates the scapula.
- Middle trapezius: retracts the scapula.
- Lower trapezius: depresses the scapula.
- The trapezius muscle can also extend the neck (if both sides are working) and laterally flex the neck (if one side is working).
Swallowing and Swallow Studies
- The hyoid bone and epiglottis are involved in swallowing.
- Abnormal swallowing can be evaluated using swallow studies, which are videos showing the flow of food down the esophagus.
Lymphatic System in the Neck
- Superficial cervical lymph nodes are located beneath the skin in the neck.
- Deep cervical lymph nodes are located deeper within the neck.
- Lymphatic drainage:
- Superficial cervical lymph nodes drain into deep cervical lymph nodes.
- Deep cervical lymph nodes drain into efferent lymphatic vessels.
- Efferent lymphatic vessels lead to the jugular lymphatic trunk.
- The left jugular lymphatic trunk empties into the thoracic duct.
- The right jugular lymphatic trunk empties into the lymphatic duct.
Additional Notes
- Remember the terms efferent (away from) and afferent (towards) when describing lymphatic vessels.
- You can find many swallowing study videos on YouTube, which can be interesting and educational.
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Description
Explore the anatomy of the cervical vertebrae, specifically C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis), along with their joints and ligaments. Understand how these structures enable nodding and rotational movements of the head. This quiz will test your knowledge on essential terms and functions associated with the neck vertebrae.
