Verbs and Moods

• Verbs are words that express action, formation or movement
• Verbs are examined under three categories according to the characteristic of the movement they describe

Types of Verbs

• İş (Kılış) verbs describe actions that has an effect on the object
• These verbs can take objects
• Durum verbs describe the state of the subject
• These verbs cannot take objects
• Oluş verbs describe an action that happens spontaneously over time

Conjugated Verbs

• Conjugated verbs carry tense and person meaning
• A verb does not necessarily need to take tense and person suffixes to be a conjugated verb

Mood in verbs

• Moods are divided into the indicative and subjunctive moods
• Indicative moods express the time of the action

Indicative Moods

• Past Tense(Known/Seen/Definite) suffixes are "-dı, -di, -tı, -ti, -du, -dü, -tu, -tü”
• Past Tense(Heard/Uncertain) suffixes are “-mış, -miş, -muş, -müş”
• Present Tense suffix is “-(ı)yor”
• -(ı)yor” suffix is "-makta, -mekte"
• Future Tense suffixes are "-acak, -ecek”
• Broad Tense suffixes are “-r, -ar, -er, -ir, -ir, -ur, -ür”
• Negative of the Broad Tense suffixes are “-maz, -mez”
• Suffixes of tense (“-mez, -ar, -ecek, -miş") and suffix of adjective verbs should not be confused

Subjunctive Moods

• They conjugate verbs with senses of necessity, wish/request, condition, and command
• Necessity Mood suffixes are "-malı, -meli"
• Wish Mood suffixes are “-e, -a, -eli, -alı”
• Condition Mood suffixes are "-sa, -se"
• Command Mood does not have a suffix

Tense Shift in Verbs

• Using tense suffixes outside of their own meanings causes a shift in meaning

Auxiliary Verb

• Auxiliary verbs are suffixes that come to nouns and noun-based words and make them predicates in a sentence and it makes simple tense verbs compound tenses
• Auxiliary verbs are “-idi, -imiş, -ise, -idir"

Auxiliary Verbs added to Nouns

• Auxiliary verbs add to nouns and noun-based words, and makes them predicates
• "-idi" is auxiliary verb-past known tense
• "-imiş" is auxiliary verb-past heard tense
• "-ise" is auxiliary verb-condition
• "-idir" is auxiliary verb-broad tense

Auxiliary Verbs added to Verbs

• Auxiliary verbs makes simple tense verbs into compound tenses.
• -idi is auxiliary verb-tales
• -imiş is auxiliary verb-hearsay
• -ise is auxiliary verb-condition
• -idir is auxiliary verb-broad tense
• Auxiliary verbs in the broad tense with the suffix "-idir" do not create compound tense action
• This suffix adds certainty or possibility meanings to the sentence
• The negative version of the auxiliary verb, "değil", is constructed with the word itself

Structure in Verbs

• Verbs are examined in 3 subtopics according to their structure

Simple Verbs

• Verbs that have not received a suffix

Derived Verbs

• Verbs that have received at least one suffix

Compound Verbs

• Constructed with the fossilization of more than one words in terms of meaning and structure

Meaning Blended Compound Verbs

• Idioms are meaning-fused compound verbs
• "Varsay-, öngör-, elver-, vazgeç-, başvur-" verbs are considered Meaning Blended Compound Verbs and are written connected

Compound Verbs Created with Auxiliary Verbs

• They are constructed by bringing auxiliary verbs “et-, ol-, kıl-, eyle-” onto nouns
• Compound verbs created with auxiliary verbs are written separately if they do not cause sound events, and are written connected to each other when sound events occur
• Note: "et-" and "ol-" verbs can be used as main verbs

Regular Compound Verbs

• Competence verb is "ebil-"
• Quickness verb is "iver-"
• Continuance verb is "edur-, ekal-, egel-"
• Approach verb is "eyaz-"
• Note: Pay attention to the negative version of the competence verbs

Verbal

• Verbal are types of words that are created by bringing suffix of noun, adjective and adverb to verbs and even though they derived from the action, they do not bear all the characteristics of the action
• Verbal are examined under three topics
  • Noun Verb (Ad-Eylem)
  • Adjective Verb (Ortac)
  • Adverb Verb (Bağ-fiil/Ulaç)

Noun Verb

• These are the suffixes “-ma, -ış, -mak" brought onto verbs
• They generally exist in noun-task in the sentence
• Some words that receive the suffix may be formalized to be the name of an entity

Adjective Verb

• Suffixes "-an, -ası, -mez, -ar, -dik, -ecek, -miş" brought onto suffixes
• Words that receive these suffixes are either used as an adjective or as an adjective-noun in a sentence
• Some words that receive suffixes might become formalized to be the name of an entity

Adverb Verb

• "-asıya, -ken, -alı, -e, -madan, -ince, -ip, -arak, -dıkça, -dığından, -maksızın, -casına, -er ... -mez, -e ... -e" suffixes brought onto verbs
• Words that receive these suffixes are used with an adverb task in a sentence
• "-ken and -cesine" suffixes can also come to nouns, in that state, the word does not become a verbal
• Words that receive noun-verb, adjective-verb and adverb-verb suffixes are derived words in terms of structure, therefore, all verbal suffixes are suffixes of derivation

Verb Conjugation

• The characteristic that verbs bear according to their objects and subjects is called conjugation and is examined in two parts
  • Object-Predicate Relation
  • Subject-Predicate Relation

Verbs by Object-Predicate Relation

• Transitive verbs can take objects
• Intransitive verbs cannot take objects
• The verb can be transitive even if there is no object used in a sentence
• Causative verbs are verbs that occur as a result of an intransitive verb brought to a transitive state with “-(I)r, -(I)t, -dır" suffixes
• Passive verbs are verbs that make a transitive verb transitive again with “-(ı)r, -(I)t, -dır" suffixes
• A verb can have its transitivity grade increased more than once

Verbs by Subject-Predicate Relation

• In sentences where active verbs are predicates
• The verb does not take “-(I)I, -(I)n, -(I)ş” conjugation suffixes
• The subject that commits the work stated in the predicate is in the active state
• Covert subjects are also considered real subjects
• In sentences where passive verbs are predicates
• The verb takes one of “-(I)I, -(I)n” conjugation suffixes
• There is no real subject that performs the work stated in the predicate
• The component that is affected by the committed work is called pseudo-subject
• In sentences where passive conjugated nouns are predicates, the subject can be given indirectly in the form of "... tarafından ve…-ce ", such subjects are called “covered subject” and is an indirect object
• In sentences where reflexive verbs are predicates
• The verb takes one of “-(I)I, -(I)n” suffixes
• There is a real subject that performs the work stated with the predicate
• The subject performs the work and is affected by the work that it performs
• In sentences where reciprocal verbs are predicate
• The verb takes “-(I)ş” conjugate suffix
• there are more than one subjects that commit the work that is stated in the predicate
• The work has a meaning of togetherness or doing reciprocally
• Conjugation is not looked for in noun sentences