Verb Tenses Overview

Present Tense
- Simple: Expresses habitual actions (e.g., "She walks.")
- Continuous: Ongoing actions (e.g., "She is walking.")
- Perfect: Completed actions (e.g., "She has walked.")
- Perfect Continuous: Ongoing actions that started in the past (e.g., "She has been walking.")
Past Tense
- Simple: Actions completed in the past (e.g., "She walked.")
- Continuous: Ongoing past actions (e.g., "She was walking.")
- Perfect: Actions completed before another past action (e.g., "She had walked.")
- Perfect Continuous: Ongoing actions in the past that continued up to another point (e.g., "She had been walking.")
Future Tense
- Simple: Actions that will occur (e.g., "She will walk.")
- Continuous: Ongoing future actions (e.g., "She will be walking.")
- Perfect: Actions that will be completed before another future action (e.g., "She will have walked.")
- Perfect Continuous: Ongoing future actions that will continue up to a certain point (e.g., "She will have been walking.")

Basic Sentence: Contains a subject and a predicate (e.g., "The cat sleeps.")
Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., "I wanted to go out, but it was raining.")
Complex Sentence: Contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., "Although it was raining, I went for a walk.")
Compound-Complex Sentence: At least two independent clauses and one dependent clause (e.g., "I went for a walk, and it stopped raining, although I brought an umbrella.")

Periods (.): End declarative sentences.
Commas (,): Separate items in a list, clauses, or adjectives. Use after introductory phrases.
Semicolons (;): Connect closely related independent clauses or separate complex list items.
Colons (:): Introduce lists, explanations, or quotations.
Apostrophes ('): Indicate possession or form contractions (e.g., "it's" for "it is").
Quotation Marks (" "): Enclose direct speech or quotations.

Singular Subjects: Require singular verbs (e.g., "The dog barks.")
Plural Subjects: Require plural verbs (e.g., "The dogs bark.")
Collective Nouns: Considered singular or plural based on context (e.g., "The team wins" vs. "The team are arguing.")
Indefinite Pronouns: Some are always singular (e.g., "everyone"), while others can be singular or plural (e.g., "all").
Compound Subjects: Joined by "and" are plural (e.g., "Tom and Jerry are friends."); joined by "or" agree with the nearest subject.

Present Tense
- Simple form indicates habits or general truths.
- Continuous form emphasizes actions currently in progress.
- Perfect form highlights actions that have been completed at some point before now.
- Perfect Continuous indicates actions that began in the past and continue into the present.
Past Tense
- Simple form describes actions completed in the past without ongoing relevance.
- Continuous form focuses on actions that were ongoing at a specific time in the past.
- Perfect form marks actions completed before another past event.
- Perfect Continuous highlights actions that were ongoing in the past and lasted until another point in the past.
Future Tense
- Simple form discusses actions expected to happen in the future.
- Continuous form describes actions that will be ongoing at a specific future moment.
- Perfect form indicates actions that will be completed before a particular future event.
- Perfect Continuous focuses on future actions that will continue up to a specific future point.

Basic Sentence: Comprises a subject and a predicate, providing a complete thought.
Compound Sentence: Combines two independent clauses with a conjunction, offering more complex ideas.
Complex Sentence: Merges an independent clause with at least one dependent clause, introducing subordination.
Compound-Complex Sentence: Features at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause, allowing for intricate sentence construction.

Periods (.): Used to conclude statements or declarations.
Commas (,): Essential for separating items in lists, clauses, or descriptive adjectives; also used after introductory phrases.
Semicolons (;): Connect closely related independent clauses, adding sophistication to writing.
Colons (:): Serve to introduce lists, explanations, or quotes, providing clarity.
Apostrophes ('): Indicate possession or form contractions, simplifying expressions.
Quotation Marks (" "): Enclose direct speech or citations, distinguishing them from the rest of the text.

Singular Subjects: Necessitate singular verb forms to ensure grammatical accuracy.
Plural Subjects: Demand plural verb forms to match the number of the subject.
Collective Nouns: Can be treated as singular or plural depending on the context, affecting subject-verb agreement.
Indefinite Pronouns: Some are invariably singular (such as "everyone"), whereas others vary (like "all") depending on context.
Compound Subjects: Joined by "and" lead to a plural verb form; subjects connected by "or" agree with the verb reflecting the closest subject.