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Questions and Answers
What triggers the ventilator to supply breathable gases in CPAP spontaneous mode?
What triggers the ventilator to supply breathable gases in CPAP spontaneous mode?
How does Pressure Support in spontaneous mode primarily differ from CPAP spontaneous mode?
How does Pressure Support in spontaneous mode primarily differ from CPAP spontaneous mode?
What is assumed regarding the settings of PEEP and sensitivity levels in CPAP mode?
What is assumed regarding the settings of PEEP and sensitivity levels in CPAP mode?
During exhalation in both CPAP and Pressure Support modes, what is the role of the ventilator?
During exhalation in both CPAP and Pressure Support modes, what is the role of the ventilator?
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What is typically stored in high-pressure tanks connected to ventilators?
What is typically stored in high-pressure tanks connected to ventilators?
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Which of the following best describes the function of blending and metering devices in ventilators?
Which of the following best describes the function of blending and metering devices in ventilators?
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What component is sometimes used by ventilators in place of compressed air tanks?
What component is sometimes used by ventilators in place of compressed air tanks?
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How does the introduction of microprocessors impact the control of metering devices in ventilators?
How does the introduction of microprocessors impact the control of metering devices in ventilators?
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Which parameter is NOT required by the therapist for mandatory breath delivery?
Which parameter is NOT required by the therapist for mandatory breath delivery?
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What does the microprocessor utilize to maintain the desired PEEP level during spontaneous breath delivery?
What does the microprocessor utilize to maintain the desired PEEP level during spontaneous breath delivery?
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In mandatory volume-controlled ventilation, which parameter directly controls the exhalation flow?
In mandatory volume-controlled ventilation, which parameter directly controls the exhalation flow?
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What happens to the exhalation valve during inhalation?
What happens to the exhalation valve during inhalation?
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In pressure-controlled ventilation, what is the role of the airway pressure controller?
In pressure-controlled ventilation, what is the role of the airway pressure controller?
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Which factor is NOT considered when computing the desired inspiratory flow trajectory in mandatory mode?
Which factor is NOT considered when computing the desired inspiratory flow trajectory in mandatory mode?
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What is the primary goal of the closed loop controller during pressure-controlled ventilation?
What is the primary goal of the closed loop controller during pressure-controlled ventilation?
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Why is it often desirable to keep the patient’s lungs inflated at a pressure greater than atmospheric level at the end of expiration?
Why is it often desirable to keep the patient’s lungs inflated at a pressure greater than atmospheric level at the end of expiration?
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What is the primary function of a ventilator?
What is the primary function of a ventilator?
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How are modern ventilators different from early manually operated ones?
How are modern ventilators different from early manually operated ones?
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What defines intensive care ventilators?
What defines intensive care ventilators?
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What principle do positive-pressure ventilators operate on?
What principle do positive-pressure ventilators operate on?
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How do negative-pressure ventilators work?
How do negative-pressure ventilators work?
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Which of the following components is NOT typically found in modern ventilators?
Which of the following components is NOT typically found in modern ventilators?
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What level of design sophistication is typically higher in ventilators used in hospitals compared to home care ventilators?
What level of design sophistication is typically higher in ventilators used in hospitals compared to home care ventilators?
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What outcome do designers aim for when creating mechanical ventilators?
What outcome do designers aim for when creating mechanical ventilators?
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What is the primary function of the inspiratory flow delivery system in a positive pressure ventilator?
What is the primary function of the inspiratory flow delivery system in a positive pressure ventilator?
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Why have positive pressure ventilators become more popular than negative-pressure ventilators?
Why have positive pressure ventilators become more popular than negative-pressure ventilators?
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What characterizes volume-controlled ventilation in mandatory ventilation mode?
What characterizes volume-controlled ventilation in mandatory ventilation mode?
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Which of the following statements about pressure-controlled ventilation is correct?
Which of the following statements about pressure-controlled ventilation is correct?
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Mandatory ventilation completely takes over which aspect of a patient's respiration?
Mandatory ventilation completely takes over which aspect of a patient's respiration?
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What causes the flow of atmospheric air into the lungs during inspiration?
What causes the flow of atmospheric air into the lungs during inspiration?
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Which patient population can benefit from positive pressure ventilators?
Which patient population can benefit from positive pressure ventilators?
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Which phase of respiration is characterized by a sub-atmospheric pressure level?
Which phase of respiration is characterized by a sub-atmospheric pressure level?
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What happens during the exhalation phase in a positive pressure ventilator?
What happens during the exhalation phase in a positive pressure ventilator?
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What is a primary drawback of the traditional negative-pressure ventilator design?
What is a primary drawback of the traditional negative-pressure ventilator design?
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What is a key characteristic of spontaneous ventilation modes like CPAP?
What is a key characteristic of spontaneous ventilation modes like CPAP?
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What improvement was made to recent designs of negative-pressure ventilators?
What improvement was made to recent designs of negative-pressure ventilators?
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What is a common issue associated with negative-pressure ventilators during patient care?
What is a common issue associated with negative-pressure ventilators during patient care?
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How do positive-pressure ventilators generate inspiratory flow?
How do positive-pressure ventilators generate inspiratory flow?
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What is a disadvantage of the design of negative-pressure ventilators in terms of patient monitoring?
What is a disadvantage of the design of negative-pressure ventilators in terms of patient monitoring?
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Why are negative-pressure ventilators considered bulky?
Why are negative-pressure ventilators considered bulky?
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What factors must a ventilator operating in mandatory mode control?
What factors must a ventilator operating in mandatory mode control?
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During controlled mandatory ventilation, what does the tidal volume delivered by the ventilator depend on?
During controlled mandatory ventilation, what does the tidal volume delivered by the ventilator depend on?
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How does the pressure waveform differ during volume controlled ventilation among patients?
How does the pressure waveform differ during volume controlled ventilation among patients?
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What is the role of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in ventilation?
What is the role of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in ventilation?
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In mandatory pressure-controlled ventilation, how is the airway pressure maintained?
In mandatory pressure-controlled ventilation, how is the airway pressure maintained?
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What happens to the airway pressure at the end of exhalation in volume controlled ventilation?
What happens to the airway pressure at the end of exhalation in volume controlled ventilation?
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What is the primary characteristic of controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV)?
What is the primary characteristic of controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV)?
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Which statement is true regarding the inspiratory flow waveform in controlled mandatory ventilation?
Which statement is true regarding the inspiratory flow waveform in controlled mandatory ventilation?
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Study Notes
Ventilators
- Ventilators, also called respirators, artificially ventilate the lungs of patients unable to breathe naturally.
- Early ventilators used bellows, manually operated.
- Modern respirators have sophisticated components, such as microprocessors, valves, and transducers.
- Two main types of ventilators exist: intensive care, for short-term acute respiratory problems or assistance after surgery, and less complex, used for chronic respiratory problems at home.
- Negative-pressure ventilators create negative pressure to mimic natural breathing. This was the initial approach.
- Positive-pressure ventilators use pressure above atmospheric levels to ventilate the lungs. These are more common now.
Introduction
- They are broadly classified into negative-pressure and positive-pressure types.
- Positive pressure ventilators are more common and versatile.
- They are used for acute and chronic respiratory conditions.
Ventilation Modes
- Ventilation modes depend on patient conditions.
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Mandatory Ventilation:
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Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV): The respirator completely controls the ventilation.
- Volume-controlled ventilation: Delivers a specific volume in each breath.
- Pressure-controlled ventilation: Raises airway pressure to a predetermined level during inspiration.
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Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV): The respirator completely controls the ventilation.
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Spontaneous Ventilation:
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): Maintains positive pressure in the airway. A variation of this mode is used for those who can breathe but require additional support. The sensitivity level should be lower than the PEEP.
- Pressure Support: The respirator maintains pressure above PEEP during inspiration.
Breathe Delivery Control
- The valves, for both air and oxygen, are within closed feedback loops.
- The microprocessor controls these valves.
- These loops utilize the sensors for the air and oxygen flow level for mandatory breathing to the lungs.
- During exhalation, the valves are actuated to reach the desired PEEP level.
- The system is geared for flexibility to control necessary parameters like respiration rate and tidal volume, and others related to the type of mandatory breath.
Mandatory Volume Controlled Inspiratory Flow Delivery
- The valves open to deliver blended gasses.
- The therapist controls all parameters for the mandatory breaths. These parameters include the respiratory rate, flow waveform, tidal volume, oxygen concentration, peak flow, and PEEP.
- The microprocessor calculates the respiratory flow trajectory.
Pressure Controlled Inspiratory Flow Delivery
- The ventilator controls airway pressure, rather than volume, to ensure uniformity for patients.
- The controller measures the patient's breath's inspiratory pressure, respiration rate, pressure trajectory, which acts as the reference for the controller to act according to these specifications.
Expiratory Pressure Control in Mandatory Mode
- When exhalation starts, the flow terminals; pressure is regulated.
- The controller closes the exhalation valve when pressure reaches a set PEEP level, keeping the lungs inflated.
Spontaneous Breath Delivery Control
- The controller takes inputs such as PEEP, pressure support level, and sensitivity to compute desired pressure. The control loops then operate valves to deliver the total flow.
Defining Terms
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): Maintains constant pressure in the patient's airway, typically near or below PEEP.
- Mandatory Mode: The respirator controls all breathing parameters.
- Patient circuit: Connects the patient to the ventilator.
- Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP): A selected pressure maintained at exhalation.
- Pressure Controlled Ventilation: Maintains the airway pressure, during inspiration, independent of patient resistance.
- Pressure support: Type of spontaneous ventilation that the ventilator adds pressure to the airway above PEEP, to support the patient.
- Spontaneous mode: The patient initiates breaths with support from the respirator.
- Volume-controlled ventilation: Volume of each breath is preset by the therapist.
Summary
- This information focuses on mechanical ventilators, which are broadly divided into negative-pressure and positive-pressure types.
- Positive-pressure ventilators deliver targeted breathing parameters.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of ventilators, including their types, historical development, and modern applications in healthcare. Learn about the differences between negative-pressure and positive-pressure ventilators and their role in managing respiratory conditions. Test your knowledge on ventilation modes and their significance.