Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary stimulus for increasing ventilation in the carotid and aortic glomus cells?
What is the primary stimulus for increasing ventilation in the carotid and aortic glomus cells?
- Arterial PO2 below 60 mmHg
- Increased PCO2
- Decreased plasma pH
- All of the above (correct)
What is the mechanism by which Ca2+ enters the receptor cell in the carotid body?
What is the mechanism by which Ca2+ enters the receptor cell in the carotid body?
- Through voltage-gated K+ channels
- Through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (correct)
- Through mechanically gated Ca2+ channels
- Through ligand-gated Ca2+ channels
What is the primary response of the central chemoreceptors to an increase in arterial PCO2?
What is the primary response of the central chemoreceptors to an increase in arterial PCO2?
- Increased ventilation (correct)
- No change in ventilation
- Decreased ventilation
- bronchoconstriction
What is the primary function of the protective reflexes of the respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of the protective reflexes of the respiratory tract?
What is the role of parasympathetic neurons in the respiratory tract?
What is the role of parasympathetic neurons in the respiratory tract?
What is the threshold for stimulation of ventilation by low oxygen levels?
What is the threshold for stimulation of ventilation by low oxygen levels?
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide above which is considered hypercapnia?
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide above which is considered hypercapnia?
What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood at sea level?
What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood at sea level?
Which of the following factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases is the most variable and important factor to consider?
Which of the following factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases is the most variable and important factor to consider?
What is the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids?
What is the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids?
Which of the following lung pathologies is most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease?
Which of the following lung pathologies is most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease?
What is the approximate atmospheric pressure at sea level?
What is the approximate atmospheric pressure at sea level?
What is the primary factor influencing airway resistance?
What is the primary factor influencing airway resistance?
In which condition is fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces most likely to occur?
In which condition is fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces most likely to occur?
What happens to the diffusion distance in the alveoli-capillary interface in fibrotic lung disease?
What happens to the diffusion distance in the alveoli-capillary interface in fibrotic lung disease?
What is the effect of increased temperature, PCO2, and 2,3-BPG on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?
What is the effect of increased temperature, PCO2, and 2,3-BPG on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?
What is the immediate product of carbonic acid dissociation?
What is the immediate product of carbonic acid dissociation?
What is the primary mechanism by which the diaphragm generates a negative alveolar pressure during inspiration?
What is the primary mechanism by which the diaphragm generates a negative alveolar pressure during inspiration?
Which nervous system stimulates the contractility of airway smooth muscle during exercise?
Which nervous system stimulates the contractility of airway smooth muscle during exercise?
What is the primary effect of lung surfactant on alveoli?
What is the primary effect of lung surfactant on alveoli?
What is the primary consequence of lacking lung surfactant?
What is the primary consequence of lacking lung surfactant?
What is the primary effect of stimulating lung stretch receptors?
What is the primary effect of stimulating lung stretch receptors?
What is the primary purpose of maintaining airways in a fully open state during breathing?
What is the primary purpose of maintaining airways in a fully open state during breathing?
What stimulus would most likely trigger an increase in ventilation in a healthy individual?
What stimulus would most likely trigger an increase in ventilation in a healthy individual?
Which nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to the integrating center?
Which nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to the integrating center?
What is the term for the space between the parietal and visceral pleura?
What is the term for the space between the parietal and visceral pleura?
During inspiration, what happens to intrapleural pressure?
During inspiration, what happens to intrapleural pressure?
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve in the control of breathing?
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve in the control of breathing?
Which of the following statements about the control of breathing is true?
Which of the following statements about the control of breathing is true?
What is the percentage of oxygen transported in the blood that is dissolved directly in plasma?
What is the percentage of oxygen transported in the blood that is dissolved directly in plasma?
What happens to the oxygen-haemoglobin curve when there is an increase in tissue PCO2?
What happens to the oxygen-haemoglobin curve when there is an increase in tissue PCO2?
What is the characteristic of haemoglobin that makes it a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier?
What is the characteristic of haemoglobin that makes it a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier?
What is the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at a PO2 of 70 mmHg and normal temperature and pH?
What is the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at a PO2 of 70 mmHg and normal temperature and pH?
How is most of the oxygen transported by the blood?
How is most of the oxygen transported by the blood?
What is the primary carrier of oxygen in humans?
What is the primary carrier of oxygen in humans?
What is the mechanism by which the central chemoreceptors respond to changes in PCO2?
What is the mechanism by which the central chemoreceptors respond to changes in PCO2?
What is the effect of a decrease in plasma pH on ventilation?
What is the effect of a decrease in plasma pH on ventilation?
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the signal transmission from the carotid body to the brainstem respiratory networks?
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the signal transmission from the carotid body to the brainstem respiratory networks?
What is the response of the central chemoreceptors to an increase in CO2 in the cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the response of the central chemoreceptors to an increase in CO2 in the cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the primary mechanism by which the carotid body cells respond to changes in PO2?
What is the primary mechanism by which the carotid body cells respond to changes in PO2?
What is the primary function of the bronchoconstriction reflex in the respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of the bronchoconstriction reflex in the respiratory tract?
What is the primary effect of increased carbon dioxide levels on the haemoglobin dissociation curve?
What is the primary effect of increased carbon dioxide levels on the haemoglobin dissociation curve?
Which of the following methods is responsible for transporting most of the carbon dioxide in the blood?
Which of the following methods is responsible for transporting most of the carbon dioxide in the blood?
What is the primary function of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the medulla oblongata?
What is the primary function of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the medulla oblongata?
What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?
What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood would most likely result in which of the following?
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood would most likely result in which of the following?
What is the effect of carbon dioxide on the binding capacity of haemoglobin?
What is the effect of carbon dioxide on the binding capacity of haemoglobin?
What would be the direct effect of an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase on the blood pH?
What would be the direct effect of an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase on the blood pH?
When would the chloride shift occur in red blood cells?
When would the chloride shift occur in red blood cells?
What is the name of the effect that causes a shift in the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
What is the name of the effect that causes a shift in the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
Which structure pulls down during inspiration to generate a negative alveolar pressure and recoils back up during expiration to reverse that pressure change?
Which structure pulls down during inspiration to generate a negative alveolar pressure and recoils back up during expiration to reverse that pressure change?
What is the effect of an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase on the formation of bicarbonate in the blood?
What is the effect of an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase on the formation of bicarbonate in the blood?
What is the effect of the Bohr effect on the oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin?
What is the effect of the Bohr effect on the oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin?
What is the primary mechanism by which the diaphragm generates a negative alveolar pressure during inspiration?
What is the primary mechanism by which the diaphragm generates a negative alveolar pressure during inspiration?
Which statement best describes the control of airway resistance?
Which statement best describes the control of airway resistance?
What is the primary effect of lung surfactant on alveoli?
What is the primary effect of lung surfactant on alveoli?
What is sensed to cause the change in ventilation during exercise?
What is sensed to cause the change in ventilation during exercise?
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
What is the primary consequence of lacking lung surfactant?
What is the primary consequence of lacking lung surfactant?
