Vegetables and Root Crops
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Vegetables and Root Crops

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Which of the following is NOT considered a true root?

  • Turnip
  • Onion (correct)
  • Carrot
  • Beet

    • All parts of the plant, including fruits, are classified as vegetables.

    False

    What term refers to vegetables that are harvested below the ground?

    root crops

    The onion belongs to the genus _____ in the Daffodil family.

    <p>Allium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of underground vegetables with their descriptions:

    <p>Bulbs = Modified stems with basal scale leaves Rhizomes = Swollen, horizontal underground stems Tubers = Swollen, greatly enlarged rhizome tips Corms = Enlarged, swollen fleshy stem bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does the potato belong to?

    <p>Solanaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yams are often confused with sweet potatoes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused the severe famine in Ireland during the 1840s?

    <p>Potato blight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The yellow and white yams are native to _____.

    <p>West Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tubers with their descriptions:

    <p>Potato = Eudicot in the Solanaceae family Water yam = Produces large tubers up to 20 kg Cush-cush yam = Native to Central America with small yellow tubers Taro = Requires cooking to remove irritant calcium oxalate crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the jicama plant?

    <p>Herbaceous and perennial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jicama was first domesticated in Africa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the jicama plant is used for consumption?

    <p>The tuberous root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jicama is primarily grown in _____ and _____ regions.

    <p>Central America, Southeast Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the Jatropha plant is primarily used for oil extraction?

    <p>Seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jatropha curcas is a herbaceous plant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one economic purpose for which Jatropha curcas is grown.

    <p>Biodiesel production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The harvested seeds are dried to reduce __________ content.

    <p>moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps in processing Jatropha oil to their descriptions:

    <p>Harvesting = Seeds are collected from the plant Drying = Reducing moisture content of the seeds Crushing = Seeds are crushed to extract oil Refining = Improving the quality of the extracted oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the original uses of spices in food?

    <p>To enhance flavor of bland dishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Venetian merchants played a minor role in the events leading to the destruction of Constantinople.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two regions where spices were imported from during the Spice Trade.

    <p>India and China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aromatic compounds that give spices their flavor and aroma are mainly ________ found in plants.

    <p>terpenoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical events with their descriptions:

    <p>The Crusades = Spread spices across Europe during the Dark Ages Marco Polo's expeditions = Introduced new Indian and East Asian spices to Europe The Fourth Crusade = Led to the sacking of Constantinople Mediterranean spice introduction = Occurred about 2,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country initially monopolized the trade in black pepper and other spices?

    <p>Portuguese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasco de Gama discovered a new land route to India in 1499.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one spice that is part of the Mint Family used in cooking.

    <p>Rosemary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The leaves of the oregano plant are primarily used in _____ cooking.

    <p>Italian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following spices to their descriptions:

    <p>Rosemary = Used widely in cooking, has a sharp and pungent flavor. Thyme = Used in various dishes, highly aromatic. Oregano = Pungent, commonly used in Italian cuisine. Mint = Contains fragrant essential oils, used in cooking and cosmetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cellulose?

    <p>Contains 2000-3000 glucose units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch is considered dietary fiber because it consists of glucose units linked by beta glycosidic bonds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural component of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is produced through the anaerobic fermentation of sugar by yeasts.

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristics:

    <p>Sugar = Monosaccharides and disaccharides Starch = Polysaccharide made of glucose with alpha bonds Cellulose = Polysaccharide made of glucose with beta bonds Bioethanol = A renewable bioalcohol from plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy balance of bioethanol production when two units of fossil fuel produce three units of ethanol?

    <p>1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bioethanol facilities in the U.S. using corn starch achieve high energy balances of 8 or higher.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced from sugar cane in Brazil and how much per hectare?

    <p>Bioethanol, 5,300-6,500 liters per hectare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cultivated variety of sugar cane had a history of domestication likely beginning in _____ and was spread to the Pacific region.

    <p>New Guinea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with their historical involvement in sugar cane production or trade:

    <p>New Guinea = Origin of sugar cane domestication Caribbean = Establishment of large plantations by Europeans Africa = Trade in enslaved Africans for sugar cane labor Brazil = Achieved high energy balances in bioethanol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of plant oils?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coconut oil is classified as a saturated fat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one health benefit of omega-3 fatty acids found in unsaturated plant oils.

    <p>They contribute to heart health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Highly unsaturated plant oils are known as _____ oils.

    <p>drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following oils with their characteristics:

    <p>Olive oil = Monounsaturated fat Soybean oil = Polyunsaturated fat Coconut oil = Saturated fat Linseed oil = Drying oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of hydrogenation?

    <p>Creation of trans fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trans fats are naturally found in high amounts in plant oils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do trans fatty acids have on cholesterol levels?

    <p>They raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main uses of plant oils mentioned in the content?

    <p>Biodiesel fuel and soaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biodiesel fuel contains 75% saturated hydrocarbons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical process is used to make biodiesel?

    <p>Transesterification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soap molecules have a hydrophobic end and a __________ end.

    <p>hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant oils with their common uses:

    <p>Olive oil = Cooking and salad oils Coconut oil = Heavy-lathering soap Canola oil = Margarines and cooking Flaxseed oil = Industrial oil and cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant oil has the potential to yield over 7,000 kg/ha?

    <p>Palm oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canola oil is low in erucic acid and high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical significance of the Ebers Papyrus?

    <p>It mentions ancient soap-like substances for cleansing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first modern soaps were produced by medieval Muslims through __________ of olive oil.

    <p>saponification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical uses of soap with their ancient civilizations:

    <p>Babylonians = Described bathing rinses Ancient Egyptians = Cleansing and medicinal Ancient Romans = Hair pomade Medieval Muslims = First modern soaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plant oils is high in alpha-linolenic acid and known for its health benefits?

    <p>Flaxseed oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sunflower oil was developed by scientists in North America.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event took place regarding biodiesel in Germany?

    <p>Energy balance of biodiesel is 2.5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soap reacts with strong __________ to produce saponification.

    <p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of over 90% of harvested olives?

    <p>Oil extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Black olives are produced from unripe fruit.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main unsaturated fatty acids found in peanuts?

    <p>Oleic and linoleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sesame seeds can be turned into a thick paste called _____.

    <p>tahini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following oil types with their quality or method of extraction:

    <p>Extra virgin olive oil = First pressing of the best olives Refined olive oil = Produced by hydraulic pressing Peanut oil = Commonly used in cooking and processed foods Safflower oil = High in linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is believed to be the origin of the soybean?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cottonseed oil is ideal for cooking without refinement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is halva primarily made from?

    <p>Ground sesame seeds, almonds, and sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corn seeds are approximately _____% oil.

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following oil types with their relevant sources:

    <p>Olive oil = Olives Sesame oil = Sesame seeds Peanut oil = Peanuts Soy oil = Soybeans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oil is extracted using solvent extraction and is a by-product of the cotton textile industry?

    <p>Cottonseed oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Safflower was originally cultivated primarily for its oil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of virgin olive oil?

    <p>It retains a distinct olive flavor and aroma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sesame can be grown in _____ climates and regions.

    <p>Various</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Corn oil?

    <p>Polyunsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vegetables

    • Vegetables are plant parts, excluding fruit, categorized as above-ground or below-ground crops.
    • Root crops are harvested below ground, including true roots (for water and nutrient absorption) and underground stems (fibrous, less starch).
    • Examples of taproots include carrots and turnips.
    • Underground stems store carbohydrates:
      • Bulbs are modified stems with basal scale leaves (e.g., onion, garlic).
      • Rhizomes are swollen, horizontal underground stems (e.g., ginger, liquorice).
      • Tubers are swollen, enlarged rhizome tips with "buds" (e.g., potato, yam).
      • Corms are enlarged, swollen stem bases (e.g., water chestnut, taro).
    • Green vegetables include above-ground plant parts, excluding fruit:
      • Leaves (e.g., spinach, lettuce)
      • Stems (e.g., asparagus)
      • Immature flowering heads (e.g., cauliflower, broccoli, artichoke)
      • Shoot tips (e.g., bamboo shoots)
      • Seedlings (e.g., malt barley, bean and alfalfa sprouts)

    Major Root Crops

    • Bulbs (e.g., onions, garlic, shallots, chives, leeks) belong to Allium genus in Amaryllidaceae family, originating from Central Asia.
    • They are notable for pungent flavor, caused by volatile sulfur compounds.
    • Bulbs include other plants like daffodils, tulips.

    Tubers

    • Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are the most important food tuber, from Solanaceae family, native to Bolivia and Peru.
    • Potato domestication dates back to 7,000 years ago.
    • Potatoes are domesticated around 7,000 years ago.
    • Potatoes are high in carbohydrates (starch), low in protein.
    • Potatoes are a staple in Europe.
    • The potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) in 1845-47 caused famines in Ireland.
    • Yams (various Dioscorea species) are tubers important in tropical regions, especially in West Africa and East Asia.

    Corms

    • Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a significant commercial corm, likely originating from the Indian subcontinent and cultivated in Southeast Asia for millennia.
    • Taro thrives in water-saturated soils in tropical climates and must be cooked to remove irritant calcium oxalate crystals. Preparation includes making poi.
    • Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a starchy root crop native to Central and South America, crucial in tropical regions, like parts of Africa, as a starch source.

    Sweet Potatoes

    • Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) originated in Central and South America ~4500 years ago.
    • A trailing vine propagated from root or stem cuttings.

    Temperate True Roots: Taproots

    • Carots and Parsnips belong to Apiaceae or Umbelliferae family which are native to Europe and Central Asia and are cultivated for use as spices, carbohydrates, and herbs.
    • Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) belong to Amaranthaceae family cultivated in the late 1700s to reduce cane sugar reliance in Europe.
    • Turnips and rutabagas (Brassica) family are winter food sources native to Europe.
    • Radish (Raphanus sativus), native to Eurasia, are important taproots in Europe with cultivars like daikon and European types.

    Major Green Vegetable Crops

    • Cabbage (Brassica oleracea): A highly mutable species that originates from Europe. Examples are Cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi, kale.
    • Bok choy and Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica) plants are important Asian green vegetables.
    • Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a leafy green vegetable that originated near the Mediterranean. Various types include butter lettuce, oak-leaf, and Romaine varieties.
    • Celery cabbage (var. pekinensis) is a dense head resembling European cabbage, but elongated instead of round.

    Asparagus

    • Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) originates from ancient Egypt and regained popularity in Europe in the 1700s, harvested through young shoots.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the classification and characteristics of vegetables, focusing on above-ground and below-ground crops. Learn about various types of root crops, including true roots, bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, and corms, as well as green vegetables that are harvested above ground.

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