Vegetables and Root Crops
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a true root?

  • Turnip
  • Onion (correct)
  • Carrot
  • Beet

All parts of the plant, including fruits, are classified as vegetables.

False (B)

What term refers to vegetables that are harvested below the ground?

root crops

The onion belongs to the genus _____ in the Daffodil family.

<p>Allium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of underground vegetables with their descriptions:

<p>Bulbs = Modified stems with basal scale leaves Rhizomes = Swollen, horizontal underground stems Tubers = Swollen, greatly enlarged rhizome tips Corms = Enlarged, swollen fleshy stem bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family does the potato belong to?

<p>Solanaceae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yams are often confused with sweet potatoes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the severe famine in Ireland during the 1840s?

<p>Potato blight</p> Signup and view all the answers

The yellow and white yams are native to _____.

<p>West Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tubers with their descriptions:

<p>Potato = Eudicot in the Solanaceae family Water yam = Produces large tubers up to 20 kg Cush-cush yam = Native to Central America with small yellow tubers Taro = Requires cooking to remove irritant calcium oxalate crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the jicama plant?

<p>Herbaceous and perennial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jicama was first domesticated in Africa.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the jicama plant is used for consumption?

<p>The tuberous root</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jicama is primarily grown in _____ and _____ regions.

<p>Central America, Southeast Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the Jatropha plant is primarily used for oil extraction?

<p>Seeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jatropha curcas is a herbaceous plant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one economic purpose for which Jatropha curcas is grown.

<p>Biodiesel production</p> Signup and view all the answers

The harvested seeds are dried to reduce __________ content.

<p>moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps in processing Jatropha oil to their descriptions:

<p>Harvesting = Seeds are collected from the plant Drying = Reducing moisture content of the seeds Crushing = Seeds are crushed to extract oil Refining = Improving the quality of the extracted oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the original uses of spices in food?

<p>To enhance flavor of bland dishes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Venetian merchants played a minor role in the events leading to the destruction of Constantinople.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two regions where spices were imported from during the Spice Trade.

<p>India and China</p> Signup and view all the answers

The aromatic compounds that give spices their flavor and aroma are mainly ________ found in plants.

<p>terpenoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their descriptions:

<p>The Crusades = Spread spices across Europe during the Dark Ages Marco Polo's expeditions = Introduced new Indian and East Asian spices to Europe The Fourth Crusade = Led to the sacking of Constantinople Mediterranean spice introduction = Occurred about 2,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country initially monopolized the trade in black pepper and other spices?

<p>Portuguese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasco de Gama discovered a new land route to India in 1499.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one spice that is part of the Mint Family used in cooking.

<p>Rosemary</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leaves of the oregano plant are primarily used in _____ cooking.

<p>Italian</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following spices to their descriptions:

<p>Rosemary = Used widely in cooking, has a sharp and pungent flavor. Thyme = Used in various dishes, highly aromatic. Oregano = Pungent, commonly used in Italian cuisine. Mint = Contains fragrant essential oils, used in cooking and cosmetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cellulose?

<p>Contains 2000-3000 glucose units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starch is considered dietary fiber because it consists of glucose units linked by beta glycosidic bonds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural component of plant cell walls?

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ is produced through the anaerobic fermentation of sugar by yeasts.

<p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristics:

<p>Sugar = Monosaccharides and disaccharides Starch = Polysaccharide made of glucose with alpha bonds Cellulose = Polysaccharide made of glucose with beta bonds Bioethanol = A renewable bioalcohol from plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy balance of bioethanol production when two units of fossil fuel produce three units of ethanol?

<p>1.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bioethanol facilities in the U.S. using corn starch achieve high energy balances of 8 or higher.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced from sugar cane in Brazil and how much per hectare?

<p>Bioethanol, 5,300-6,500 liters per hectare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cultivated variety of sugar cane had a history of domestication likely beginning in _____ and was spread to the Pacific region.

<p>New Guinea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their historical involvement in sugar cane production or trade:

<p>New Guinea = Origin of sugar cane domestication Caribbean = Establishment of large plantations by Europeans Africa = Trade in enslaved Africans for sugar cane labor Brazil = Achieved high energy balances in bioethanol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of plant oils?

<p>Fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coconut oil is classified as a saturated fat.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one health benefit of omega-3 fatty acids found in unsaturated plant oils.

<p>They contribute to heart health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Highly unsaturated plant oils are known as _____ oils.

<p>drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following oils with their characteristics:

<p>Olive oil = Monounsaturated fat Soybean oil = Polyunsaturated fat Coconut oil = Saturated fat Linseed oil = Drying oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hydrogenation?

<p>Creation of trans fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trans fats are naturally found in high amounts in plant oils.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do trans fatty acids have on cholesterol levels?

<p>They raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main uses of plant oils mentioned in the content?

<p>Biodiesel fuel and soaps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biodiesel fuel contains 75% saturated hydrocarbons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical process is used to make biodiesel?

<p>Transesterification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soap molecules have a hydrophobic end and a __________ end.

<p>hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant oils with their common uses:

<p>Olive oil = Cooking and salad oils Coconut oil = Heavy-lathering soap Canola oil = Margarines and cooking Flaxseed oil = Industrial oil and cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant oil has the potential to yield over 7,000 kg/ha?

<p>Palm oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canola oil is low in erucic acid and high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the historical significance of the Ebers Papyrus?

<p>It mentions ancient soap-like substances for cleansing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first modern soaps were produced by medieval Muslims through __________ of olive oil.

<p>saponification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical uses of soap with their ancient civilizations:

<p>Babylonians = Described bathing rinses Ancient Egyptians = Cleansing and medicinal Ancient Romans = Hair pomade Medieval Muslims = First modern soaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant oils is high in alpha-linolenic acid and known for its health benefits?

<p>Flaxseed oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sunflower oil was developed by scientists in North America.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fatty acids react with strong __________ in a process called saponification.

<p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of over 90% of harvested olives?

<p>Oil extraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Black olives are produced from unripe fruit.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sesame seeds can be turned into a thick paste called _____.

<p>tahini</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following oil types with their quality or method of extraction:

<p>Extra virgin olive oil = First pressing of the best olives Refined olive oil = Produced by hydraulic pressing Peanut oil = Commonly used in cooking and processed foods Safflower oil = High in linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is believed to be the origin of the soybean?

<p>China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cottonseed oil is ideal for cooking without refinement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is halva primarily made from?

<p>Ground sesame seeds, almonds, and sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corn seeds are approximately _____% oil.

<p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which oil is extracted using solvent extraction and is a by-product of the cotton textile industry?

<p>Cottonseed oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Safflower was originally cultivated primarily for its oil.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of virgin olive oil?

<p>It retains a distinct olive flavor and aroma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sesame can be grown in _____ climates and regions.

<p>Various</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of Corn oil?

<p>Polyunsaturated fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in oil content between palm oil and palm kernel oil?

<p>Palm oil contains equal proportions of saturated and unsaturated oils, while palm kernel oil is 100% saturated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is NOT mentioned as a major area for palm oil plantations?

<p>North America (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the fruit of the oil palm?

<p>It contains a fibrous, oil-rich mesocarp and a black endocarp shell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major environmental concern associated with large-scale oil palm plantations?

<p>Destruction of tropical rainforest habitat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the coconut’s pericarp?

<p>It is a tough, fibrous structure that protects the seed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common uses does coconut oil have?

<p>It is extracted for use in confections, ice cream, and margarines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the high-yielding tenera variety of oil palm is true?

<p>It can yield over 6.5 tons of oil per hectare under optimal conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of the dried copra from which coconut oil is extracted?

<p>It provides high oil yield after extraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vegetable

A plant part (above or below ground) excluding the fruit.

Root crop

Vegetables harvested from the soil, including true roots and underground stems.

True root

Plant part primarily for absorbing water and nutrients.

Taproot

A swollen, large true root that stores carbohydrates.

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Bulb (plant)

Modified stem with basal leaves, storing carbohydrates.

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Rhizome

Swollen, horizontal underground stem.

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Tuber

Swollen rhizome tips with buds.

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Corm

Swollen stem base, not layered like a bulb.

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Green vegetable crops

All above-ground plant parts, except fruit.

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Allium genus

Group containing many important food bulbs like onions, garlic.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

A starchy eudicot tuber, native to the Andes Mountains, domesticated around 7,000 years ago, and a staple food in many parts of the world.

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Potato blight

A fungal disease (Phytophthora infestans) that attacks potato tubers and leaves, causing crop failure.

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Irish Potato Famine

A major famine in Ireland caused by a potato blight epidemic in the mid-19th century, resulting in widespread starvation and emigration.

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Yam (Dioscorea spp.)

A group of monocot tubers, important in tropical regions, providing carbohydrates.

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Corm

A short, enlarged stem, like taro, used for food storage. A type of underground stem.

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Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

A significant corm crop, likely originating from the Indian subcontinent and grown in tropical parts of the world.

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Solanaceae

The tomato family

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Vegetative propagation

A method of plant reproduction that doesn't involve seeds, creating genetically identical copies of a plant.

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Jicama family

Pachyrhizus erosus, a herbaceous perennial vine belonging to the bean family (Fabaceae).

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Jicama native distribution

Native to the Americas, particularly the tropical and subtropical regions, originally in Mexico or Central America.

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Jicama domestication location

Likely domesticated in the Americas, not specified where exactly in the Americas.

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Jicama primary uses (region)

Widely grown and utilized in Central and South America, and parts of Asia. It is popular in Mexican and other Central/South American cuisines.

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Jicama part used

The tuberous root of the jicama plant is harvested and used for consumption.

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Jicama processing step 1

The jicama tuber is harvested from the ground.

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Jicama processing step 2

Remove the brown skin of the jicama by peeling it.

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Jicama processing step 3

The peeled jicama is cut into sticks, cubes, or slices before serving.

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Jatropha family

The plant family that Jatropha belongs to.

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Jatropha plant type

A woody plant, often a small tree.

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Jatropha native location

The original region where Jatropha grows naturally.

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Economic use of Jatropha

Used to produce oil, often for biofuels.

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Jatropha part for oil

The seeds of the Jatropha plant are used to extract oil.

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Jatropha oil extraction method 1

Drying the seeds to reduce moisture.

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Jatropha oil extraction method 2

Crushing the dry seeds to release the oil.

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Jatropha oil extraction method 3

Squeezing the crushed seeds to remove the oil.

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Jatropha oil extraction method 4

Filtering the extracted oil to remove impurities.

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Jatropha oil refinement

Processes to improve the oil quality.

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Spices

Plant parts (like fruits, seeds, leaves, or rhizomes) used in cooking for flavor and aroma.

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Spice Flavor Source

Chemical substances, mainly aromatic terpenoids (oils), in plants.

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Volatility (Spices)

The tendency of spice chemicals to easily turn into gas.

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Spice Release Mechanism

Crushing, cutting, or cooking spices breaks plant cells releasing oils.

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Early Spice Use

Spices initially used for preservation, masking bad smells, and enhancing flavor, not just for taste.

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Roman Spice Introduction

Roman conquests brought Mediterranean spices to Northern Europe 2000 years ago.

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Crusades and Spice Trade

The Crusades and Venetian merchants expanded spice trade, making spices more accessible..

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Fourth Crusade

Crusaders diverted from their mission and attacked Constantinople, impacting spice trade.

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Venice and Spice Trade

Venice became the main distributor of exotic spices from the trans-Asian Spice Trade.

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Marco Polo's Expedition

Marco Polo's journey (1269-1294) exposed Europe to Indian and East Asian spices.

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Overland Caravan Trade Route Problems

Profiteering made spices expensive and unreliable, and traveling across deserts by camel and horse was challenging.

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Vasco da Gama's Discovery

He found a sea route from Europe to India and East Asia by sailing around Africa in 1499.

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Portuguese East India Company

Initially controlled trade in black pepper and other spices.

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British & Dutch Competition

Broke the Portuguese spice monopoly in the 1600s.

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Dutch East Indies Colonization

The Dutch East India Company colonized what is now Indonesia.

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British Malay Peninsula Control

The British controlled the Malay Peninsula (now Malaysia).

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Spice Plantations (1800s)

The Dutch and British established large spice plantations, making spices more available and affordable.

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Mint Family Spices

A large group of herbs and shrubs with fragrant essential oils, used as spices, particularly from the Mediterranean region.

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Rosemary

A woody Mediterranean shrub with a sharp, pungent flavor used as a cooking ingredient.

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Thyme

A highly aromatic Mediterranean shrub with tiny leaves used in various dishes.

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Oregano

A pungent Eurasian herb used widely in Italian cooking.

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Sugar

Monosaccharides (single sugar units) and disaccharides (two sugar units linked), sweet-tasting compounds.

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Starch

A polysaccharide made of glucose units linked by alpha (α) 1-4 glycosidic bonds, easily digestible by most organisms.

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Cellulose

A polysaccharide made of glucose units linked by beta (β) 1-4 glycosidic bonds, indigestible by most humans, but important plant structural component.

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Glycosidic bond

A type of covalent bond that links monosaccharides together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

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Monosaccharide

The simplest form of sugar, containing a single sugar unit.

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Disaccharide

A sugar molecule formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides.

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Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate consisting of a large number of monosaccharide units joined together.

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Bioethanol

A type of alcohol derived from the fermentation of plant sugars, used as a renewable fuel.

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Gasoline

A refined petroleum product used as a fuel.

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Bioethanol Production Efficiency

Measured by the energy balance, which is the ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacture. A higher ratio indicates greater efficiency.

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Energy Balance (Example)

If 2 units of fossil fuel produce 3 units of ethanol, the energy balance is 1.5 (3/2=1.5).

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Low Energy Balance (Bioethanol)

A ratio of less than 1.3 indicates inefficient bioethanol production; energy produced is only slightly higher than energy used.

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High Energy Balance (Bioethanol)

A ratio of 8 or higher indicates efficient bioethanol production, such as with sugarcane using bagasse for energy.

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Cellulosic Technology

Efficient methods to convert cellulose into sugar, necessary for bioethanol production from cellulose.

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Sugarcane Bioethanol Production

Brazilian sugarcane production yields high energy balances (8+).

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Sugarcane Yield

Brazilian sugarcane plantations produce 5,300-6,500 liters of bioethanol per hectare.

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Sugarcane

A tall perennial grass used for biofuel production.

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Sugarcane Origins

Originated and selected as a sweet cane in New Guinea.

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Energy Balance Variations

Variations in energy balances for biofuel production may result from differences in the chemical structures of the biological material utilized.

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Sugar Triangle

The trade route that took sugar, molasses, and enslaved Africans in a triangular pattern.

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Plant Oils

Lipid-soluble triglycerides extracted from seeds or fruits, typically liquid at room temperature.

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Saturated Fats

Fats with no double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain, fully saturated with hydrogen.

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Unsaturated Fats

Fats with at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. Hydrogen atoms are not fully bonded to carbons.

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Monounsaturated Oils

Unsaturated fats with one double bond in the fatty acid chain.

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Polyunsaturated Oils

Unsaturated fats with multiple double bonds in the fatty acid chain.

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Hydrogenation

A process that saturates an unsaturated fatty acid chain, preventing oxidation and increasing viscosity and melting point.

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Trans Fats

Artificial fats created through hydrogenation, not naturally occurring in plant oils, linked to health risks

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Cis Double Bonds

Hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond, resulting in a bend in the molecule

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Trans Double Bonds

Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond, resulting in a linear structure.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids

A type of polyunsaturated fat crucial for human health.

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Soap Composition

Soap is a salt of a fatty acid, formed when a plant or animal oil reacts with a strong base (like lye).

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Saponification

The chemical process of making soap by reacting fats or oils with an alkali.

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Soap Molecule Structure

Soap molecules have both a water-insoluble (hydrophobic) fatty acid end and a water-soluble (hydrophilic) salt end.

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Soap Cleaning Action

The hydrophobic end of a soap molecule dissolves grease and dirt, while the hydrophilic end washes it away with water.

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Biodiesel Fuel Composition

Biodiesel is made of methyl esters, unlike petroleum diesel, which contains mostly saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons.

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Biodiesel Production Method

Biodiesel is made through a process called transesterification, using alcohol to replace glycerol with alcohol in plant oils.

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Canola Oil Source

Canola oil is extracted from the seeds of canola plants, a versatile species related to cabbage and turnips.

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Sunflower Oil Production

Sunflower oil, from the sunflower plant, is frequently used in cooking and manufacturing, especially in the Soviet Union and its neighboring countries.

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Flax Seed Oil Use

Flax seed oil, rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, has both culinary and industrial applications.

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Olive Oil Origins

Olive oil comes from the olive tree, native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, an important part of the region's history.

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Olive Oil Extraction

Olive oil is extracted from the fruit pulp of olives, not the seeds.

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Olive Types

Olives can be green (unripe) or black (ripe).

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Processing Olives

Unripe olives are treated with lye and pickled in brine; ripe olives are simply pickled.

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Virgin Olive Oil

The best quality olive oil, obtained by cold pressing the fruit.

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Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Extra virgin olive oil comes from the first pressing of the best olives.

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Sesame Seed Processing

Sesame seeds can be eaten raw or roasted, and are processed into oils and sauces.

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Peanut Cultivation

Peanuts are native to South America and are now grown worldwide.

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Peanut Oil Uses

Peanut oil is used in cooking, salad dressings, margarines, soap, and processed foods.

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Cottonseed Oil Origin

Cottonseed oil is a by-product of the cotton textile industry, extracted from cotton seeds.

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Corn Oil Composition

Corn oil is primarily polyunsaturated, with linoleic acid as the leading constituent.

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Soybean Uses

Soybeans provide protein, edible oils, and are used in various Asian foods (pastes, sauces, tofu etc.) and processed foods.

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Safflower Oil Composition

Safflower oil is rich in linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fat.

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Oil Palm

A large palm tree native to tropical West Africa, important for its oil-rich fruit.

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Palm Oil

Yellow oil extracted from the fruit's mesocarp, containing equal saturated and unsaturated fats.

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Palm Kernel Oil

Orange-red oil extracted from the seeds, 100% saturated fat with a violet aroma.

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Coconut

A large palm fruit containing white endosperm (meat) and liquid endosperm (water).

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Coconut Oil

Oil extracted from dried coconut meat used in food.

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Oil Palm Production

Large plantations produce palm oil, a key plant oil source.

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Global Demand

High global demand for palm and coconut oils.

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Tropical Rainforests

Large areas of rainforest are being converted into oil palm plantations, impacting biodiversity.

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Study Notes

Vegetables

  • Vegetables are plant parts, excluding fruit, categorized as above-ground or below-ground crops.
  • Root crops are harvested below ground, including true roots (for water and nutrient absorption) and underground stems (fibrous, less starch).
  • Examples of taproots include carrots and turnips.
  • Underground stems store carbohydrates:
    • Bulbs are modified stems with basal scale leaves (e.g., onion, garlic).
    • Rhizomes are swollen, horizontal underground stems (e.g., ginger, liquorice).
    • Tubers are swollen, enlarged rhizome tips with "buds" (e.g., potato, yam).
    • Corms are enlarged, swollen stem bases (e.g., water chestnut, taro).
  • Green vegetables include above-ground plant parts, excluding fruit:
    • Leaves (e.g., spinach, lettuce)
    • Stems (e.g., asparagus)
    • Immature flowering heads (e.g., cauliflower, broccoli, artichoke)
    • Shoot tips (e.g., bamboo shoots)
    • Seedlings (e.g., malt barley, bean and alfalfa sprouts)

Major Root Crops

  • Bulbs (e.g., onions, garlic, shallots, chives, leeks) belong to Allium genus in Amaryllidaceae family, originating from Central Asia.
  • They are notable for pungent flavor, caused by volatile sulfur compounds.
  • Bulbs include other plants like daffodils, tulips.

Tubers

  • Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are the most important food tuber, from Solanaceae family, native to Bolivia and Peru.
  • Potato domestication dates back to 7,000 years ago.
  • Potatoes are domesticated around 7,000 years ago.
  • Potatoes are high in carbohydrates (starch), low in protein.
  • Potatoes are a staple in Europe.
  • The potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) in 1845-47 caused famines in Ireland.
  • Yams (various Dioscorea species) are tubers important in tropical regions, especially in West Africa and East Asia.

Corms

  • Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a significant commercial corm, likely originating from the Indian subcontinent and cultivated in Southeast Asia for millennia.
  • Taro thrives in water-saturated soils in tropical climates and must be cooked to remove irritant calcium oxalate crystals. Preparation includes making poi.
  • Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a starchy root crop native to Central and South America, crucial in tropical regions, like parts of Africa, as a starch source.

Sweet Potatoes

  • Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) originated in Central and South America ~4500 years ago.
  • A trailing vine propagated from root or stem cuttings.

Temperate True Roots: Taproots

  • Carots and Parsnips belong to Apiaceae or Umbelliferae family which are native to Europe and Central Asia and are cultivated for use as spices, carbohydrates, and herbs.
  • Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) belong to Amaranthaceae family cultivated in the late 1700s to reduce cane sugar reliance in Europe.
  • Turnips and rutabagas (Brassica) family are winter food sources native to Europe.
  • Radish (Raphanus sativus), native to Eurasia, are important taproots in Europe with cultivars like daikon and European types.

Major Green Vegetable Crops

  • Cabbage (Brassica oleracea): A highly mutable species that originates from Europe. Examples are Cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi, kale.
  • Bok choy and Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica) plants are important Asian green vegetables.
  • Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a leafy green vegetable that originated near the Mediterranean. Various types include butter lettuce, oak-leaf, and Romaine varieties.
  • Celery cabbage (var. pekinensis) is a dense head resembling European cabbage, but elongated instead of round.

Asparagus

  • Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) originates from ancient Egypt and regained popularity in Europe in the 1700s, harvested through young shoots.

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This quiz explores the classification and characteristics of vegetables, focusing on above-ground and below-ground crops. Learn about various types of root crops, including true roots, bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, and corms, as well as green vegetables that are harvested above ground.

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