Untitled Quiz

Increased tissue damage after restoring blood flow to ischemic tissue.

Damaged mitochondria let proteins leak in, disrupting their function during ischemia.

Muscle cell (myocyte) tightening due to calcium build-up and membrane damage, causing cell damage.

Molecules produced during reperfusion that damage myocytes (muscle cells) by altering cell structures.

Proteins released into the bloodstream when heart muscle cells are damaged, highly specific for MI.

Heart-specific enzyme released into the blood after a heart attack, aiding diagnosis.

Heart attack: Blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to cell death.

Heart attacks that show no symptoms, often found in people with diabetes or older adults.

A common cyanotic congenital heart defect characterized by four key features: ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, aorta overriding the VSD, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

A congenital heart defect where the positions of the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched, causing the blood to circulate in two separate non-communicating pathways.

Congenital heart defects causing resistance to blood flow through the heart, leading to pressure overload in the chamber before the obstruction.

Narrowing of the aorta proximal to the ductus arteriosus in infants, often associated with Turner syndrome.

Narrowing of the aorta distal to the arch vessels in adults. Characterized by upper extremity hypertension and lower extremity cyanosis, plus rib notching.

Congenital heart defects that allow deoxygenated blood to flow from the right side of the heart to the left side, thus reducing oxygenated blood in the systemic circulation.

Congenital heart defects resulting in bluish discoloration of the skin due to reduced oxygenated blood in the body.

Birth defects of the heart's chambers or great vessels, leading to either blood shunting between sides or outflow obstruction.

A condition where the heart doesn't get enough blood flow, often due to narrowed arteries.

A decreased blood supply to the heart muscle.

Buildup of plaque in the arteries that narrows them and reduces blood flow.

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

A group of conditions where the heart doesn't get enough blood. Severe cases can cause a heart attack.

Damaged or malfunctioning inner lining of blood vessels.

Platelets clump together to form a blood clot.

A plaque with a thin cap that is easily broken causing a blood clot to form.

Whole thickness of the heart muscle is affected.

Inner layer of the heart muscle affected.

Blocking of a coronary artery, restricting blood flow to the heart.

Spasms or tightening of the coronary arteries.

Death of heart muscle cells.

A specific type of cell death where the tissue proteins are broken down.

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. This can be caused by various factors like infections, dental procedures, or intravenous drug use, and is a risk factor for endocarditis.

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, specifically affecting the heart valves. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and attaching to the heart valves.

Abnormal growths on the heart valves that are characteristic of endocarditis. They contain fibrin, inflammatory cells, and bacteria.

The most commonly affected valves in endocarditis. These valves are located on the left side of the heart.

An abscess (collection of pus) that forms within the heart muscle when vegetations erode into the myocardium.

Fragments of vegetations that break off and travel through the bloodstream, potentially lodging in other organs and causing damage.

Aneurysms (weak areas in arterial walls) caused by bacterial infection of the artery, often resulting from emboli.

A common symptom of infective endocarditis, especially in acute cases. However, in subacute cases, fever may be absent or mild.

A serious infection of the heart's inner lining (endocardium), often involving the heart valves. It occurs when bacteria or other microbes enter the bloodstream and attach to the heart's inner lining, forming vegetations.

Tiny blood clots (emboli) formed by bacteria and immune cells in infective endocarditis. They can travel to different parts of the body, causing damage.

Painless, red spots on the palms or soles of the feet caused by microemboli in infective endocarditis.

Painful, tender nodules on the fingertips caused by microemboli in infective endocarditis.

A condition where non-infectious blood clots (thrombi) form on heart valves. It usually occurs in individuals with a hypercoagulable state.

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) frequently occurs in those with an underlying hypercoagulable state, such as those with chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation, malignancy or hyperestrogenic conditions.

An alternate term for Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE), often associated with general debility or wasting diseases.

The blood clots (vegetations) in Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE) are typically small and do not damage the heart valves.

A heart condition where the heart chambers enlarge and weaken, making it harder to pump blood efficiently.

Conditions that can lead to DCM include inflammation of the heart (myocarditis), toxins (cocaine, chemotherapy drugs), muscle disorders (muscular dystrophy), pregnancy complications, alcohol abuse, high blood pressure, and existing heart conditions like valve disease.

A rare genetic heart condition where the heart muscle in the right ventricle is replaced with fatty tissue, causing irregular heart rhythms and heart failure.

Common symptoms include irregular heartbeats, fluttering in the chest, dizziness or fainting, sudden cardiac death, and signs of heart failure like shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs.

A condition where the heart muscle thickens abnormally, making it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively.

HCM can be obstructive, where the thickened septum blocks blood flow in the left ventricle, or non-obstructive, where the entire ventricle or just a portion thickens.

Common symptoms include shortness of breath during exercise, fatigue, chest pain, fainting, and high blood pressure.

HCM is typically diagnosed using echocardiography (ultrasound imaging of the heart), electrocardiogram (ECG), and cardiac MRI.