Vasoconstriction and Endothelins
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Questions and Answers

Which protein is a key mediator of vasoconstriction in response to endothelial damage?

  • Nitric oxide
  • Histamines
  • Endothelins (correct)
  • Prostaglandins

    • What is the first line of defense against bleeding?

  • Vasodilation
  • Vasoconstriction (correct)
  • Coagulation
  • Platelet aggregation

    • In which condition are endothelin receptor blockers commonly used?

  • Asthma
  • Pulmonary hypertension (correct)
  • Diabetes
  • Heart failure

    • True or false: Vasoconstriction is the first line of defense against bleeding?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Endothelins are proteins released by endothelial cells near the site of damage?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Endothelin receptor blockers are commonly used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ synthesizes coagulation factors?

    <p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do coagulation factors become activated?

    <p>In the liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms an insoluble protein to prevent blood loss?

    <p>Fibrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the coagulation cascade?

    <p>It involves the activation of clotting factor zymogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endothelial damage in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>It amplifies the activation of clotting factor zymogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor converts prothrombin to thrombin?

    <p>Factor II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibrin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Fibrinogen forms plug to stop bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of Factor X?

    <p>Formation of fibrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct thrombin inhibitor?

    <p>Hirudin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is decreased by Xa inhibitors?

    <p>Factor X (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an oral anticoagulant?

    <p>Dabigatran (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells express Tissue Factor Thromboplastin Glycoprotein?

    <p>Sub-endothelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Tissue Factor Thromboplastin Glycoprotein?

    <p>It is exposed by endothelial damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for Prothrombin Time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR) tests?

    <p>Tissue factor added to blood sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is produced in endothelial cells and circulates bound to von Willebrand Factor?

    <p>Factor VIII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is activated by TF:VIIa complex?

    <p>Factor X (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is released from von Willebrand Factor in response to vascular injury?

    <p>Factor VIII (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance binds calcium in blood samples to prevent clotting?

    <p>EDTA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in clot formation?

    <p>Required for clot formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Activated platelets in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>To release calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for crosslinking fibrin and stabilizing the fibrin plug?

    <p>Factor XIII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if Factor XIII is absent?

    <p>Inadequate clot formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which co-factor is required for Factor XIII activation?

    <p>Calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important deactivator of coagulation?

    <p>Antithrombin III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are involved in deactivating coagulation?

    <p>Antithrombin III and Protein S (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an important deactivator of coagulation?

    <p>Thromboplastin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a serine protease inhibited by Antithrombin III?

    <p>Factor II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Antithrombin III produced?

    <p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the role of heparin drug therapy?

    <p>Activation of Antithrombin III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein primarily inactivates factors Va and VIIIa?

    <p>Activated protein C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are proteins C and S synthesized?

    <p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active form of protein C?

    <p>Activated protein C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is activated by thrombomodulin on endothelial cells?

    <p>Protein C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is thrombomodulin found?

    <p>Cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complex activates protein C to APC?

    <p>Thrombomodulin binds thrombin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is required as a co-factor for protein C and protein S to activate protein C?

    <p>Protein S (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form does protein S circulate in the body?

    <p>Active form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is required as a co-factor for activated protein C (APC) to function?

    <p>Protein S (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the mechanism by which TFPI inactivates Xa?

    <p>Binds TF/FVIIa complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to plasma levels of TFPI with heparin administration?

    <p>They increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential contribution of TFPI to the antithrombotic effect?

    <p>It inhibits thrombin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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