48 Questions
Which protein is a key mediator of vasoconstriction in response to endothelial damage?
Endothelins
What is the first line of defense against bleeding?
Vasoconstriction
In which condition are endothelin receptor blockers commonly used?
Pulmonary hypertension
True or false: Vasoconstriction is the first line of defense against bleeding?
True
True or false: Endothelins are proteins released by endothelial cells near the site of damage?
True
True or false: Endothelin receptor blockers are commonly used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension?
True
Which organ synthesizes coagulation factors?
Liver
Where do coagulation factors become activated?
In the liver
What forms an insoluble protein to prevent blood loss?
Fibrin
Which of the following is true about the coagulation cascade?
It involves the activation of clotting factor zymogens
What happens during the coagulation cascade?
Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin
What is the role of endothelial damage in the coagulation cascade?
It amplifies the activation of clotting factor zymogens
Which factor converts prothrombin to thrombin?
Factor II
What is the role of fibrin in the coagulation cascade?
Fibrinogen forms plug to stop bleeding
What is the result of the activation of Factor X?
Formation of fibrin
Which of the following is a direct thrombin inhibitor?
Hirudin
Which factor is decreased by Xa inhibitors?
Factor X
Which of the following is an oral anticoagulant?
Dabigatran
Which cells express Tissue Factor Thromboplastin Glycoprotein?
Sub-endothelial cells
Which of the following is true about Tissue Factor Thromboplastin Glycoprotein?
It is exposed by endothelial damage
What is the basis for Prothrombin Time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR) tests?
Tissue factor added to blood sample
Which factor is produced in endothelial cells and circulates bound to von Willebrand Factor?
Factor VIII
Which factor is activated by TF:VIIa complex?
Factor X
Which protein is released from von Willebrand Factor in response to vascular injury?
Factor VIII
Which substance binds calcium in blood samples to prevent clotting?
EDTA
What is the role of calcium in clot formation?
Required for clot formation
What is the function of Activated platelets in the coagulation cascade?
To release calcium
Which factor is responsible for crosslinking fibrin and stabilizing the fibrin plug?
Factor XIII
What happens if Factor XIII is absent?
Inadequate clot formation
Which co-factor is required for Factor XIII activation?
Calcium
Which of the following is an important deactivator of coagulation?
Antithrombin III
Which proteins are involved in deactivating coagulation?
Antithrombin III and Protein S
Which of the following is NOT an important deactivator of coagulation?
Thromboplastin
Which of the following is a serine protease inhibited by Antithrombin III?
Factor II
Where is Antithrombin III produced?
Liver
What is the basis for the role of heparin drug therapy?
Activation of Antithrombin III
Which protein primarily inactivates factors Va and VIIIa?
Activated protein C
Where are proteins C and S synthesized?
Liver
What is the active form of protein C?
Activated protein C
Which protein is activated by thrombomodulin on endothelial cells?
Protein C
Where is thrombomodulin found?
Cell membrane
What complex activates protein C to APC?
Thrombomodulin binds thrombin
Which protein is required as a co-factor for protein C and protein S to activate protein C?
Protein S
In what form does protein S circulate in the body?
Active form
Which protein is required as a co-factor for activated protein C (APC) to function?
Protein S
Which of the following is the mechanism by which TFPI inactivates Xa?
Binds TF/FVIIa complex
What happens to plasma levels of TFPI with heparin administration?
They increase
What is the potential contribution of TFPI to the antithrombotic effect?
It inhibits thrombin
Test your knowledge on vasoconstriction, the first line of defense against bleeding. Learn about the key mediator, endothelins, and their role as potent vasoconstrictors. Explore how endothelin receptor blockers are used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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