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Questions and Answers
What happens to pressure in the arterial system when there is an increase in volume?
What happens to pressure in the arterial system when there is an increase in volume?
- Pressure becomes unpredictable.
- Pressure decreases significantly.
- Pressure increases. (correct)
- Pressure remains unchanged.
How does sympathetic stimulation affect peripheral and coronary arteries?
How does sympathetic stimulation affect peripheral and coronary arteries?
- There is no effect on either type of artery.
- Both peripheral and coronary arteries constrict.
- Peripheral vessels constrict while coronary arteries dilate. (correct)
- Coronary arteries constrict while peripheral vessels dilate.
What is the primary consequence of excess blood in the left ventricle due to aortic regurgitation?
What is the primary consequence of excess blood in the left ventricle due to aortic regurgitation?
- Reduction in blood volume in the left atrium
- Increased oxygen delivery to the body
- Backflow of blood into the pulmonary circulation (correct)
- Improved cardiac output to systemic circulation
What is the relationship between volume infusion and sympathetic stimulation in both arterial and venous systems?
What is the relationship between volume infusion and sympathetic stimulation in both arterial and venous systems?
How is compliance of a systemic vein compared to a corresponding artery expressed mathematically?
How is compliance of a systemic vein compared to a corresponding artery expressed mathematically?
What is the primary function of the venous system in accommodating large amounts of blood?
What is the primary function of the venous system in accommodating large amounts of blood?
What characterizes the relationship between compliance and distensibility in blood vessels?
What characterizes the relationship between compliance and distensibility in blood vessels?
What does a volume-pressure curve show in the context of the circulatory system?
What does a volume-pressure curve show in the context of the circulatory system?
What is the role of the venous pump in the cardiovascular system?
What is the role of the venous pump in the cardiovascular system?
Which statement is true about the comparison of a common femoral vein to its corresponding artery?
Which statement is true about the comparison of a common femoral vein to its corresponding artery?
What occurs in the systemic arterial and venous systems when 200 ml of volume is added?
What occurs in the systemic arterial and venous systems when 200 ml of volume is added?
How are central venous pressure and right atrial pressure related?
How are central venous pressure and right atrial pressure related?
What is the primary action of sympathetic activity in the context of blood vessels?
What is the primary action of sympathetic activity in the context of blood vessels?
What volume of blood does a highly distensible vessel typically store per millimeter of mercury rise in pressure?
What volume of blood does a highly distensible vessel typically store per millimeter of mercury rise in pressure?
What factor contributes to low resistance in large distended veins?
What factor contributes to low resistance in large distended veins?
What is the relationship between vascular compliance, pressure, and volume?
What is the relationship between vascular compliance, pressure, and volume?
Which statement best describes the importance of volume-pressure curves?
Which statement best describes the importance of volume-pressure curves?
What is the expected outcome of sympathetic stimulation in the context of adding volume?
What is the expected outcome of sympathetic stimulation in the context of adding volume?
Which scenario would most likely result in inadequacies related to blood volume?
Which scenario would most likely result in inadequacies related to blood volume?
What happens to venous tone after severe hemorrhage?
What happens to venous tone after severe hemorrhage?
What percentage accuracy does the auscultatory method provide compared to direct catheter measurement?
What percentage accuracy does the auscultatory method provide compared to direct catheter measurement?
What best describes vascular distensibility?
What best describes vascular distensibility?
What occurs when the heart pumps with exceptionally vigorous force?
What occurs when the heart pumps with exceptionally vigorous force?
Which physiological characteristic is true regarding large veins when they are distended?
Which physiological characteristic is true regarding large veins when they are distended?
What causes a lesser volume and pressure in the aorta during diastole?
What causes a lesser volume and pressure in the aorta during diastole?
In the context of aortic regurgitation, which characteristic is noted?
In the context of aortic regurgitation, which characteristic is noted?
What is a significant difference between patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and aortic regurgitation?
What is a significant difference between patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and aortic regurgitation?
How does the stiffening of arteries affect pressure during aortic regurgitation in older adults?
How does the stiffening of arteries affect pressure during aortic regurgitation in older adults?
What occurs during diastole in cases of aortic regurgitation?
What occurs during diastole in cases of aortic regurgitation?
What is a result of non-compliant arteries in older adults?
What is a result of non-compliant arteries in older adults?
Which factor contributes to pulse pressure rising to twice normal in stiff arteries?
Which factor contributes to pulse pressure rising to twice normal in stiff arteries?
During diastole, the presence of incisura is an indication of what?
During diastole, the presence of incisura is an indication of what?
What causes venous pressure in the feet to be approximately +90 mmHg in a standing adult with absent venous valves?
What causes venous pressure in the feet to be approximately +90 mmHg in a standing adult with absent venous valves?
What occurs when blood leaks from the venous system to the interstitial space?
What occurs when blood leaks from the venous system to the interstitial space?
What happens to blood volume within 15 to 30 minutes of standing completely still?
What happens to blood volume within 15 to 30 minutes of standing completely still?
Which muscular activity helps to compress the veins in the lower extremities?
Which muscular activity helps to compress the veins in the lower extremities?
What compensatory mechanism does the heart engage when there is apparent blood loss?
What compensatory mechanism does the heart engage when there is apparent blood loss?
What is the effect of muscle movement on the venous system in the legs?
What is the effect of muscle movement on the venous system in the legs?
What happens to the volume of fluid in the venous segment as blood is pushed into the interstitial space?
What happens to the volume of fluid in the venous segment as blood is pushed into the interstitial space?
What pressure gradient is created in the venous system during standing due to the absence of valves?
What pressure gradient is created in the venous system during standing due to the absence of valves?
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Study Notes
Vascular Function and Blood Flow Regulation
- Veins can store 0.5 to 1.0 liters of excess blood, serving as reservoirs for redistribution when blood is needed elsewhere in circulation.
- Aortic regurgitation can lead to left ventricular overload, causing backflow into pulmonary circulation and resulting in congestion.
Compliance and Distensibility
- Compliance is different from distensibility; it accounts for volume in relation to pressure changes.
- Compliance of systemic veins is 24 times higher than corresponding arteries due to veins being more distensible and having larger volumes.
- Compliance is calculated as distensibility multiplied by volume.
Volume-Pressure Relationship
- Increased volume in both arterial and venous systems results in increased pressure due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
- An infusion of 200 ml in a vascular segment causes an abrupt pressure increase.
Arterial System Characteristics
- Non-compliant arteries, such as in atherosclerosis, show a significantly higher pressure increase for a given stroke volume.
- Pulse pressure can double in non-compliant arteries compared to normal conditions.
Aortic Regurgitation Effects
- Improper closure of aortic valves during diastole causes backward flow into the left ventricle, reducing aortic diastolic pressure.
- Similarities to aortic regurgitation include decreased blood volume in the aorta during diastole, but with distinct features like functional aortic valves in patent ductus arteriosus.
Venous System and Pressure Management
- Central venous pressure (CVP) equates to right atrial pressure, allowing blood from systemic veins to flow into the heart.
- Venous compliance allows large veins to accommodate significant changes in blood volume without significantly increasing resistance.
Gravitational Effects on Venous Pressure
- In the absence of venous valves, gravitational forces can lead to +90 mmHg of venous pressure in lower extremities of a standing adult.
- Standing still for extended periods can cause significant fluid leakage from veins to interstitial spaces, leading to swelling and apparent blood loss.
Role of Leg Muscles in Venous Return
- Leg movement and muscle contractions facilitate blood flow back to the heart, counteracting the effects of gravity.
- Calf muscle contraction compresses veins, assisting in forwarding blood to the heart during movement.
Summary of Venous Dynamics
- The body can lose 10-20% of blood volume within 15 to 30 minutes of standing still due to venous pooling and subsequent fluid shifts.
- The circulatory system compensates for perceived blood loss, adjusting heart function accordingly.
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