Lecture 3

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Questions and Answers

What is the etymological meaning of Psychology?

Study of the brain, mind, and behavior

Study of the mind and mental processes (correct)

Study of individual sensations, perceptions, memories, and thoughts

Study of a wide variety of actions by humans and animals

What do lay persons most commonly associate with psychologists based on the study in Austria mentioned in the text?

Reading people's minds (correct)

Analyzing animal behavior

Studying individual sensations and perceptions

Understanding neuro-biological processes

Which approach to psychology focuses on neuro-biological processes that generate mental processes and states?

Concentration on studying behavior of humans and animals

Focus on individual sensations and memories

Emphasis on the brain, mind, and behavior (correct)

Study of subjective experiences and emotions

What is included in the study of the mind according to the text?

Dreams, incentives, and emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is not a common misconception about psychology based on the provided text?

Understanding neuro-biological processes only Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what are psychologists often perceived as being able to do?

Interpret dreams and emotions Signup and view all the answers

What field of psychology focuses on understanding the relationship between physical processes and behavior?

Biological Psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of psychology emphasizes the study of behavior in different cultural contexts?

Cultural Psychology Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the development of phrenology as a pseudoscience?

Gall Signup and view all the answers

Which subfield of psychology focuses on understanding how individuals learn and acquire knowledge?

Educational Psychology Signup and view all the answers

In the history of psychology, who established the first lab dedicated to psychology?

Wundt Signup and view all the answers

Which field of psychology focuses on the assessment and treatment of mental disorders?

Health Psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

To make predictions based on existing knowledge Signup and view all the answers

In the Clever Hans experiment, what did Mr. Von Osten train the horse to do?

Count and read Signup and view all the answers

How did Oscar Pfungst demonstrate that Clever Hans was not actually performing mathematical tasks?

By removing cues and observing the horse's failure Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Clever Hans experiment when cues were taken away?

The horse failed dramatically Signup and view all the answers

What did the experiment with Clever Hans demonstrate about human reactions to unusual phenomena?

Humans tend to believe in mysterious phenomena Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about subliminal perception in advertising based on the text?

It influences consumers' decisions without their awareness Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical debate is highlighted in the text?

Nature vs. Nurture Signup and view all the answers

Who is famously associated with the concept that 'Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses'?

John Locke Signup and view all the answers

What was William Molyneux's famous question to John Locke regarding a blind man distinguishing objects?

Can a blind man identify shapes through sight after being able to see? Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical idea aligns with the concept that knowledge is derived solely from sensory experiences?

Empiricism Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a canonical view of an object, as mentioned in the text?

It aids in accurate and fast recognition performance. Signup and view all the answers

In relation to John Locke's philosophy, what does Nativism propose about innate ideas?

We are born with innate knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What concept did John Locke emphasize with his statement 'Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses'?

Empiricism Signup and view all the answers

Why is the story of Clever Hans considered significant in terms of 'doing the right experiment'?

It demonstrates the potential for unconscious cues to influence behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does Popper's principle of falsifiability emphasize?

The requirement for theories to be testable and potentially refutable Signup and view all the answers

In Kuhn's terminology, what does the distinction between 'old and new theory' refer to?

The paradigms and beliefs that guide scientific research during different periods Signup and view all the answers

What was B.F. Skinner's approach towards changing his ideas when faced with opposing evidence?

He stubbornly held on to his ideas despite contradicting evidence Signup and view all the answers

'What does Popper's example with the black swans illustrate?

The importance of focusing on proving a theory incorrect Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Scientific Method

The scientific method involves making observations, forming a theory, creating a hypothesis, and testing the hypothesis through experimentation
The process involves making predictions based on what is already known and testing these predictions through methodologically sound experiments

Clever Hans

Clever Hans was a horse that could supposedly count and read
The horse was trained by Mr. Von Osten and was thought to have the ability to read and do math
However, Oscar Pfungst's experiment showed that the horse was not actually reading or doing math, but rather using unknown cues to respond correctly
The experiment involved testing the horse with blinkers to remove any potential cues, and the horse failed dramatically

Subliminal Perception

Subliminal perception refers to the registration and processing of stimuli without the subject's awareness
An example of this is the use of subliminal messages in advertising
John Locke's statement "Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses" relates to the idea that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience

Philosophy of Science

The problem of demarcation in philosophy of science refers to distinguishing between scientific and unscientific theories
Karl Popper's central idea is that theories should be testable and falsifiable
Thomas Kuhn's idea is that theories change when new evidence emerges that contradicts the existing theory
Popper's example of the black swans illustrates the importance of falsifiability in scientific theories

Psychology

Psychology is the study of the mind, mental processes, and behavior
The many kinds of psychology include biological, cultural, comparative, clinical, experimental, health, developmental, and more
Phrenology, the study of the shape and size of the brain, was an early approach to psychology
The field of cognitive ergonomics, which studies how people think and behave, is an example of the application of psychological principles in real-world contexts

History of Psychology

The first laboratory of psychology was established by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
The discovery of ventricles in the brain dates back to the Edwin Smith Papyrus and Imhotep
Phrenology was developed by Gall and Spurzheim
The timeline of psychology spans from ancient medicine to modern-era developments in brain imaging and psychology

Knowledge Acquisition

The Molyneux question asks whether a person born blind and able to distinguish shapes by touch could distinguish them by sight if their sight was restored
This question relates to the nature versus nurture debate, with empiricists like John Locke arguing that all knowledge comes from sensory experience and nativists arguing that some knowledge is innate.

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Explore the diverse branches of psychology, each with unique roots and focuses such as biological psychology, clinical psychology, social psychology, and more.