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Questions and Answers
What is the etymological meaning of Psychology?
What is the etymological meaning of Psychology?
- Study of the brain, mind, and behavior
- Study of the mind and mental processes (correct)
- Study of individual sensations, perceptions, memories, and thoughts
- Study of a wide variety of actions by humans and animals
What do lay persons most commonly associate with psychologists based on the study in Austria mentioned in the text?
What do lay persons most commonly associate with psychologists based on the study in Austria mentioned in the text?
- Reading people's minds (correct)
- Analyzing animal behavior
- Studying individual sensations and perceptions
- Understanding neuro-biological processes
Which approach to psychology focuses on neuro-biological processes that generate mental processes and states?
Which approach to psychology focuses on neuro-biological processes that generate mental processes and states?
- Concentration on studying behavior of humans and animals
- Focus on individual sensations and memories
- Emphasis on the brain, mind, and behavior (correct)
- Study of subjective experiences and emotions
What is included in the study of the mind according to the text?
What is included in the study of the mind according to the text?
What is not a common misconception about psychology based on the provided text?
What is not a common misconception about psychology based on the provided text?
Based on the text, what are psychologists often perceived as being able to do?
Based on the text, what are psychologists often perceived as being able to do?
What field of psychology focuses on understanding the relationship between physical processes and behavior?
What field of psychology focuses on understanding the relationship between physical processes and behavior?
Which branch of psychology emphasizes the study of behavior in different cultural contexts?
Which branch of psychology emphasizes the study of behavior in different cultural contexts?
Who is associated with the development of phrenology as a pseudoscience?
Who is associated with the development of phrenology as a pseudoscience?
Which subfield of psychology focuses on understanding how individuals learn and acquire knowledge?
Which subfield of psychology focuses on understanding how individuals learn and acquire knowledge?
In the history of psychology, who established the first lab dedicated to psychology?
In the history of psychology, who established the first lab dedicated to psychology?
Which field of psychology focuses on the assessment and treatment of mental disorders?
Which field of psychology focuses on the assessment and treatment of mental disorders?
What is the purpose of a hypothesis in the scientific method?
What is the purpose of a hypothesis in the scientific method?
In the Clever Hans experiment, what did Mr. Von Osten train the horse to do?
In the Clever Hans experiment, what did Mr. Von Osten train the horse to do?
How did Oscar Pfungst demonstrate that Clever Hans was not actually performing mathematical tasks?
How did Oscar Pfungst demonstrate that Clever Hans was not actually performing mathematical tasks?
What was the outcome of the Clever Hans experiment when cues were taken away?
What was the outcome of the Clever Hans experiment when cues were taken away?
What did the experiment with Clever Hans demonstrate about human reactions to unusual phenomena?
What did the experiment with Clever Hans demonstrate about human reactions to unusual phenomena?
What can be inferred about subliminal perception in advertising based on the text?
What can be inferred about subliminal perception in advertising based on the text?
What philosophical debate is highlighted in the text?
What philosophical debate is highlighted in the text?
Who is famously associated with the concept that 'Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses'?
Who is famously associated with the concept that 'Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses'?
What was William Molyneux's famous question to John Locke regarding a blind man distinguishing objects?
What was William Molyneux's famous question to John Locke regarding a blind man distinguishing objects?
Which philosophical idea aligns with the concept that knowledge is derived solely from sensory experiences?
Which philosophical idea aligns with the concept that knowledge is derived solely from sensory experiences?
What is the significance of a canonical view of an object, as mentioned in the text?
What is the significance of a canonical view of an object, as mentioned in the text?
In relation to John Locke's philosophy, what does Nativism propose about innate ideas?
In relation to John Locke's philosophy, what does Nativism propose about innate ideas?
What concept did John Locke emphasize with his statement 'Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses'?
What concept did John Locke emphasize with his statement 'Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses'?
Why is the story of Clever Hans considered significant in terms of 'doing the right experiment'?
Why is the story of Clever Hans considered significant in terms of 'doing the right experiment'?
What does Popper's principle of falsifiability emphasize?
What does Popper's principle of falsifiability emphasize?
In Kuhn's terminology, what does the distinction between 'old and new theory' refer to?
In Kuhn's terminology, what does the distinction between 'old and new theory' refer to?
What was B.F. Skinner's approach towards changing his ideas when faced with opposing evidence?
What was B.F. Skinner's approach towards changing his ideas when faced with opposing evidence?
'What does Popper's example with the black swans illustrate?
'What does Popper's example with the black swans illustrate?
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Study Notes
The Scientific Method
- The scientific method involves making observations, forming a theory, creating a hypothesis, and testing the hypothesis through experimentation
- The process involves making predictions based on what is already known and testing these predictions through methodologically sound experiments
Clever Hans
- Clever Hans was a horse that could supposedly count and read
- The horse was trained by Mr. Von Osten and was thought to have the ability to read and do math
- However, Oscar Pfungst's experiment showed that the horse was not actually reading or doing math, but rather using unknown cues to respond correctly
- The experiment involved testing the horse with blinkers to remove any potential cues, and the horse failed dramatically
Subliminal Perception
- Subliminal perception refers to the registration and processing of stimuli without the subject's awareness
- An example of this is the use of subliminal messages in advertising
- John Locke's statement "Nothing is in the mind which was not first in the senses" relates to the idea that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience
Philosophy of Science
- The problem of demarcation in philosophy of science refers to distinguishing between scientific and unscientific theories
- Karl Popper's central idea is that theories should be testable and falsifiable
- Thomas Kuhn's idea is that theories change when new evidence emerges that contradicts the existing theory
- Popper's example of the black swans illustrates the importance of falsifiability in scientific theories
Psychology
- Psychology is the study of the mind, mental processes, and behavior
- The many kinds of psychology include biological, cultural, comparative, clinical, experimental, health, developmental, and more
- Phrenology, the study of the shape and size of the brain, was an early approach to psychology
- The field of cognitive ergonomics, which studies how people think and behave, is an example of the application of psychological principles in real-world contexts
History of Psychology
- The first laboratory of psychology was established by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
- The discovery of ventricles in the brain dates back to the Edwin Smith Papyrus and Imhotep
- Phrenology was developed by Gall and Spurzheim
- The timeline of psychology spans from ancient medicine to modern-era developments in brain imaging and psychology
Knowledge Acquisition
- The Molyneux question asks whether a person born blind and able to distinguish shapes by touch could distinguish them by sight if their sight was restored
- This question relates to the nature versus nurture debate, with empiricists like John Locke arguing that all knowledge comes from sensory experience and nativists arguing that some knowledge is innate.
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