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Vancomycin Antibiotic Properties
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Vancomycin Antibiotic Properties

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@EminentAntigorite5986

Questions and Answers

What type of antibiotic is vancomycin?

  • Macrolide
  • Glycopeptide (correct)
  • Penicillin
  • Cephalosporin

    • Against which type of bacteria does vancomycin show activity?

  • Aerobic gram-negative
  • Gram-negative
  • Gram-positive (correct)
  • Anaerobic gram-negative

    • What forms of vancomycin are available?

  • Capsules and syrups
  • Tablets and injections
  • Suspensions and injections
  • Oral and injections (correct)

    • What condition might enhance systemic absorption of vancomycin?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of vancomycin?

    <p>Previous hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inactivates benzyl penicillin?

    <p>Bacteria beta lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about benzyl penicillin?

    <p>Intrathecal injection is not recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is benzyl penicillin no longer the first choice of drug for pneumococcal meningitis?

    <p>It is inactivated by beta lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the absorption of benzyl penicillin from the gastrointestinal tract low?

    <p>It is inactivated by gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of benzyl penicillin administration is not recommended?

    <p>Intrathecal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is associated with rapid intravenous injection?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Red man syndrome a possible side effect of?

    <p>Intravenous use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect involves difficulty in breathing?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a side effect of intravenous use?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is related to a drop in blood pressure?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can high doses of sodium for injection lead to, especially in patients with renal failure?

    <p>Neurotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is it safe to use sodium for injection during pregnancy and lactation?

    <p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific neurotoxicity symptoms can occur due to accumulation of sodium for injection?

    <p>Cerebral irritation, convulsion, or coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For doses of 50mg/kg or greater, what is recommended during intravenous infusion?

    <p>Longer administration time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patients is accumulation of sodium for injection more likely to occur?

    <p>Patients with renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotic is Chloramphenicol?

    <p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious side effect is associated with Chloramphenicol?

    <p>Hematological side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Chloramphenicol be avoided during pregnancy?

    <p>It can lead to gray baby syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of Chloramphenicol in breastfeeding infants?

    <p>Bone marrow toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group should avoid using Chloramphenicol?

    <p>Pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gentamycin is active against which types of bacteria?

    <p>Gram positive and gram negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Gentamycin doses calculated?

    <p>Based on patient's weight and renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a caution for using Gentamycin?

    <p>Auditory disorder (tinnitus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Gentamycin?

    <p>Cardiotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How common is nausea/vomiting as a side effect of Gentamycin?

    <p>Uncommon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of corticosteroids in the context provided?

    <p>Regulate components of the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should corticosteroids be started in relation to antibacterial treatment?

    <p>Before or with the first dose of antibacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is mentioned as part of the adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids?

    <p>Dexamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do corticosteroids have on CSF hydrostatic pressure?

    <p>They lower it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do corticosteroids aid in the penetration of antibiotics?

    <p>By lowering inflammation and affecting the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of Ciprofloxacin?

    <p>Tendonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medicine is associated with the risk of causing renal toxicity?

    <p>Gentamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medicines can interact significantly with calcium-containing drugs?

    <p>Ceftriaxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a potential side effect of using Meropenem?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily used to treat bacterial infections but can also pose a risk of bone marrow suppression?

    <p>Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an adult patient over 60 kg with a creatinine clearance rate of 25 mL/min, what is the appropriate frequency of gentamicin administration?

    <p>Every 18 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the serum creatinine range for administering gentamicin every 36 hours to an over 60 kg adult?

    <p>2.9 - 3.7 mg%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an adult patient over 60 kg with a blood urea nitrogen level of 35 mg%, how frequently should gentamicin be administered?

    <p>Every 18 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which frequency of administration is appropriate for a patient with a creatinine clearance rate of 12 mL/min?

    <p>Every 36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An over 60 kg adult has a serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg%. What is the recommended administration frequency for gentamicin?

    <p>Every 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination has been found to reduce hearing loss and death in children and adults?

    <p>Dexamethasone and the first dose of the appropriate antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of starting dexamethasone with the appropriate antibiotic's first dose?

    <p>Reduction in hearing loss and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dexamethasone is found to be effective when started with which dose of the appropriate antibiotic?

    <p>The first dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group has dexamethasone been found to be effective when administered with the appropriate antibiotic?

    <p>In children and adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of starting dexamethasone with the first dose of the appropriate antibiotic in treatment?

    <p>Major reduction in hearing loss and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    VANCOMYCIN

    • Glycopeptide antibiotic active against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria
    • Available in oral and injection forms
    • Systemic absorption may be enhanced in inflammatory disorders of the intestinal mucosa/pseudomembranous colitis
    • Contraindicated in previous hearing loss

    Side effects of intravenous use

    • Back pain
    • Bradycardia
    • Cardiac arrest
    • Cardiogenic shock (on rapid intravenous injection)
    • Chest pain
    • Dyspnea
    • Hearing loss
    • Hypotension
    • Red man syndrome
    • Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
    • Nephrotoxicity

    Benzyl Penicillin

    • Inactivated by bacteria beta lactamases
    • Not the first choice for pneumococcal meningitis
    • Inactivated by gastric acid with low absorption from the gastrointestinal tract
    • Intrathecal injection not recommended

    Warning and Safety Information

    • Accumulation of sodium for injection can occur with high doses, especially in patients with renal failure, leading to neurotoxicity
    • Safe to use during pregnancy and lactation
    • Intravenous infusion should have a longer administration time with doses of 50mg/kg or greater

    Chloramphenicol

    • Potent broad-spectrum antibiotic
    • Associated with serious hematological side effects
    • Avoided in pregnancy due to gray baby syndrome
    • Avoided in breastfeeding due to bone marrow toxicity

    Gentamycin

    • Active against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
    • Doses calculated based on patient's weight and renal function
    • Narrow therapeutic window

    Caution

    • Auditory disorder (tinnitus)
    • Conditions characteristic of muscular weakness (impair neuromuscular transmission)

    Side Effects

    • Skin disorders
    • Nephrotoxicity
    • Ototoxicity
    • Nausea/vomiting (uncommon)

    Dosage Guidelines for Gentamycin

    • Calculated based on renal function tests, including creatinine clearance rate and serum creatinine

    Corticosteroids

    • Adjunctive treatment with dexamethasone
    • Regulate components of inflammatory response and lower CSF hydrostatic pressure
    • Started before or with first dose of antibacterial
    • Reducing inflammation, blood brain barrier, and the CSF penetration of antibiotics

    Steroids

    • Dexamethasone started with the first dose of antibiotic reduces hearing loss and death in children and adults

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    Description

    Learn about the antibiotic activity, administration, and precautions of vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic effective against gram-positive bacteria.

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