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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of stenosis in valvular disease?
What is the primary cause of stenosis in valvular disease?
Which valve is the most commonly affected in valvular disease?
Which valve is the most commonly affected in valvular disease?
What can cause the abrupt onset of cardiac failure in valvular disease?
What can cause the abrupt onset of cardiac failure in valvular disease?
What describes insufficiency in valvular disease?
What describes insufficiency in valvular disease?
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What is a significant feature of rheumatic mitral stenosis?
What is a significant feature of rheumatic mitral stenosis?
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Which mechanism is associated with the degree of impairment in valvular disease?
Which mechanism is associated with the degree of impairment in valvular disease?
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Which condition would lead to a murmur or thrill due to severe valvular disease?
Which condition would lead to a murmur or thrill due to severe valvular disease?
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What differentiates nonbacterial from Libman-Sacks endocarditis?
What differentiates nonbacterial from Libman-Sacks endocarditis?
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Which component is NOT typically found in the vegetations of infective endocarditis?
Which component is NOT typically found in the vegetations of infective endocarditis?
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In which condition are vegetations typically found on previously normal valves?
In which condition are vegetations typically found on previously normal valves?
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What type of lesions are associated with infective endocarditis?
What type of lesions are associated with infective endocarditis?
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What is a typical feature of the histology of bland vegetation in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
What is a typical feature of the histology of bland vegetation in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
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Which type of endocarditis is characterized by small, sterile vegetations due to immune complex deposition?
Which type of endocarditis is characterized by small, sterile vegetations due to immune complex deposition?
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Which of the following is NOT a common associated condition with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Which of the following is NOT a common associated condition with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
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What is the primary cause of vegetations in Libman-Sacks endocarditis?
What is the primary cause of vegetations in Libman-Sacks endocarditis?
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Which of the following is a notable histological feature of infective endocarditis?
Which of the following is a notable histological feature of infective endocarditis?
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What is the most common congenital valvulopathy?
What is the most common congenital valvulopathy?
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What primarily contributes to calcific aortic stenosis in older patients?
What primarily contributes to calcific aortic stenosis in older patients?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve?
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In patients with calcific aortic stenosis, where does calcium deposition typically begin?
In patients with calcific aortic stenosis, where does calcium deposition typically begin?
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What underlying factors are associated with the pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis?
What underlying factors are associated with the pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis?
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What is the approximate percentage of the population that has a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve?
What is the approximate percentage of the population that has a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve?
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What does a raphe in a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve indicate?
What does a raphe in a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve indicate?
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What percentage of aortic stenosis cases in adults is attributed to a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve?
What percentage of aortic stenosis cases in adults is attributed to a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve?
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What is the primary goal of managing Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC) in patients?
What is the primary goal of managing Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC) in patients?
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In which demographic is Mitral Annular Calcification most frequently observed?
In which demographic is Mitral Annular Calcification most frequently observed?
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Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)?
Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)?
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What is the primary inflammatory effect associated with Rheumatic Heart Disease?
What is the primary inflammatory effect associated with Rheumatic Heart Disease?
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Which statement about the lesions in Rheumatic Heart Disease is true?
Which statement about the lesions in Rheumatic Heart Disease is true?
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What type of heart condition is primarily caused by Rheumatic heart disease?
What type of heart condition is primarily caused by Rheumatic heart disease?
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What type of inflammatory disease is Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)?
What type of inflammatory disease is Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)?
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Which factor is considered important in the development of cross-reactive immune responses in ARF?
Which factor is considered important in the development of cross-reactive immune responses in ARF?
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What is a common histological feature of vegetations associated with valvular disease?
What is a common histological feature of vegetations associated with valvular disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature associated with mitral valve prolapse?
Which of the following is NOT a feature associated with mitral valve prolapse?
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What leads to fibrosis and scarring in cardiac valvular disease?
What leads to fibrosis and scarring in cardiac valvular disease?
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Which pathogen is commonly associated with infective endocarditis?
Which pathogen is commonly associated with infective endocarditis?
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In aortic stenosis, which mechanism is primarily responsible for age-related changes?
In aortic stenosis, which mechanism is primarily responsible for age-related changes?
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What is a characteristic finding in the histology of mitral valve leaflet vegetations?
What is a characteristic finding in the histology of mitral valve leaflet vegetations?
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Mitral annular calcification is often associated with which condition?
Mitral annular calcification is often associated with which condition?
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Which symptom is associated with infective endocarditis?
Which symptom is associated with infective endocarditis?
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Study Notes
Valvular Disease
- Stenosis: due to valve cusps abnormality caused by calcification or scarring.
- Insufficiency: results from intrinsic valve cusp disease or disruption of supporting structures.
- Outcome: depends on the affected valve, degree of impairment, and development tempo.
- Etiology: congenital or acquired.
- Congenital valvulopathy: bicuspid aortic valve is the most common.
- Acquired valvulopathies: aortic and mitral valve stenoses are the most prevalent.
Calcific Aortic Stenosis
- Most cases are asymptomatic: calcifications are detected during chest X-ray.
- Pathogenesis: progressive age-related "wear and tear" leading to cuspal fibrosis and calcification, associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and inflammation.
- Occurrence: more common in patients with bicuspid valves.
- Histology: calcified masses start at the base, leading to valve area reduction, causing outflow obstruction and pressure overload.
Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve
- Occurs in ~1% of the population.
- Approximately 50% of adult aortic stenosis cases.
- Familial clustering is associated with a mutation in NOTCH1.
- Morphology: two functional cusps, with the larger valve having a midline raphe.
- Raphe is the primary site for calcific deposits.
Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC)
- Usually an incidental finding.
- Requires no specific treatment, except for cardiovascular risk factor assessment and modification.
- Seen in women over 60 years, particularly with myxomatous mitral valve or elevated left ventricle pressure.
- Pathogenesis: degenerative calcific deposits develop in the fibrous annulus.
- MAC can be associated with atherosclerosis.
Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
- ARF is an immunologically mediated inflammatory disease following group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections.
- RHD is the cardiac manifestation of ARF.
- RHD is associated with inflammation of all heart parts, but valvular inflammation and scarring are the leading clinical features.
- RHD is the primary cause of acquired mitral stenosis.
- Pathogenesis: Immunological reaction with cross-reactive immune responses to streptococcal antigens.
- RHD is a consequence of host immune responses to group A streptococcal antigens.
Infective Endocarditis
- Vegetation: composed of fibrin, platelets, inflammatory cells, and bacteria.
- Clinico-pathological consequences: Janeway lesions, Roth spots, splinter hemorrhages, and Osler nodes.
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE)
- Occurs on normal valves without prior valve damage.
- Associated with cancers, sepsis, hypercoagulable states (disseminated intravascular coagulation, hyperestrogenic states).
- Endocardial trauma from indwelling catheters is a predisposing factor.
- Histology: Bland vegetation with minimal inflammation.
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
- Small sterile vegetations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Vegetations are due to immune complex deposition with complement activation.
- Vegetations can occur on any valve surface, chordae, or atrial and ventricular endocardium.
- Can lead to fibrosis, scaring, and leaflet fusion.
- Histology: intense valvulitis and fibrinoid necrosis.
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Description
Explore the complexities of valvular diseases such as stenosis and insufficiency, focusing on their causes, outcomes, and common types like calcific aortic stenosis. Understand the role of congenital and acquired factors in valve pathology and the implications for patient health. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of cardiovascular conditions and their management.
