Validity & Reliability in Research

Inter-item reliability = Association of answers to set of questions designed to measure the same concept Parallel form of Reliability = Splitting the test into two parts using the odd-even strategy Split-Half Reliability = Method especially appropriate for very long tests Inter observer Reliability = Correspondence between measures made by different observers

Equivalence Reliability = Administering the same questionnaire at different times to test consistency Validity = Accuracy of measurement Reliability = Consistency of measurement Cronbach's alpha = Statistic used to measure inter-item reliability

Validity = Pertains to accuracy of measurement Reliability = Prerequisite for measurement of validity Equivalence Reliability = Indicates score variation from testing session errors Split-Half Reliability = Represents reliability of a test only half as long as the actual test

Inter-item reliability = Association of answers to questions measuring the same concept on a questionnaire Parallel form of Reliability = Splitting a test into two parts using the odd-even strategy Inter observer Reliability = Comparison between measures taken by different observers Split-Half Reliability = Method used when a test is very long

Face Validity = Refers to the extent to which a test or measure appears to measure what it is intended to measure Content Validity = Assesses whether a test adequately covers a representative sample of the domain it is supposed to measure Reliability = Refers to the consistency, stability, or repeatability of a measurement instrument or test Stability Reliability = Type of reliability that includes Test-retest reliability

Equivalence Reliability = A type of reliability assessment Stability Reliability = Type of reliability that includes Test-retest reliability Test-retest Reliability = Degree to which scores are consistent over time Inter-rater Reliability = Agreement among different observers when they rate the same set of individuals

Test-retest Reliability = Assesses consistency over time by administering the same test on two occasions Inter-rater Reliability = Measures agreement among different observers rating the same individuals Internal Consistency Reliability = Evaluates how well different items in a test measure the same construct Parallel Forms Reliability = Compares two different forms of a test designed to measure the same construct

Face Validity = When a survey on customer satisfaction appears to measure customer opinions Content Validity = Ensuring a math test covers various topics taught in the course Test-retest Reliability = Administering a psychological assessment twice to the same group and comparing results Inter-rater Reliability = Two teachers grading the same set of exams and comparing their scores

Internal Validity = Occurs when it can be concluded that there is a causal relationship between the variables being studied. External Validity = Occurs when the causal relationship discovered can be generalized to other people, time, and contexts. Content Validity = Determines if the entire content of the behavior/construct/area is represented in the test by comparing the test task with the content of the behavior. Face Validity = Concerned with whether a test appears to measure what it is intended to measure.

Criterion Validity = Focuses on establishing the relationship between test scores and a criterion measure. Predictive Validity = Focuses on whether a test can predict future performance or behavior. Convergent Validity = Focuses on whether two measures that theoretically should be related are, in fact, related. Discriminant Validity = Focuses on whether measures that should not be related are actually unrelated.

Population Validity = Refers to the extent to which results can be generalized to a larger population beyond the sample studied. Ecological Validity = Refers to the extent to which findings can be generalized beyond the immediate context of the study. Concurrent Validity = Refers to the degree to which the results of a test correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct. Test Validity = Refers to the overall degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for proposed uses of tests.

Criterion-related validity = Involves comparing test scores with an external criterion that is known to be related to what is being measured. Construct Validity = Involves examining how well a test measures a theoretical construct or trait. Content Validity = Involves evaluating if a test covers a representative sample of the behavior domain it is supposed to measure. Convergent Validity = Involves checking if two measures that are theoretically supposed to be related are, in fact, correlated.

Internal Validity = Critical for establishing a cause-effect relationship within a study's sample. External Validity = Essential for generalizing research findings beyond the specific study sample. Content Validity = Crucial for ensuring that a test accurately represents all aspects of the construct being measured. Convergent Validity = Important for confirming that different measures of the same construct are indeed related.

Face Validity = A survey on happiness that appears to measure happiness based on questions asked. Predictive Validity = A pre-employment test that predicts job performance accurately based on test scores. Discriminant Validity = A study showing that anxiety levels are not correlated with self-esteem measures as expected. Ecological Validity = An experiment conducted in a laboratory setting that can be applied to real-world scenarios.