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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum number of valence electrons for an atom to be considered stable according to the octet rule?
What is the maximum number of valence electrons for an atom to be considered stable according to the octet rule?
Hydrogen and Helium follow the octet rule.
Hydrogen and Helium follow the octet rule.
False
What charge does an atom acquire when it loses one electron?
What charge does an atom acquire when it loses one electron?
+1
Elements in Group 8A are known as __________ gases.
Elements in Group 8A are known as __________ gases.
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Match the family groups with their corresponding number of valence electrons.
Match the family groups with their corresponding number of valence electrons.
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Which family has a common charge of -1?
Which family has a common charge of -1?
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A cation is formed when an atom gains electrons.
A cation is formed when an atom gains electrons.
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In which block of the periodic table do the elements with their valence electrons in 'p' orbitals fall?
In which block of the periodic table do the elements with their valence electrons in 'p' orbitals fall?
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What is the correct electron configuration for Neon?
What is the correct electron configuration for Neon?
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Yttrium has 3 valence electrons.
Yttrium has 3 valence electrons.
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What group does Yttrium belong to?
What group does Yttrium belong to?
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Elements in group 1 and 2 are known as the __-block.
Elements in group 1 and 2 are known as the __-block.
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Match the following groups with their corresponding valence electrons:
Match the following groups with their corresponding valence electrons:
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Which element has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d1?
Which element has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d1?
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Copper has both expected and actual electron configurations.
Copper has both expected and actual electron configurations.
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How many periods are there in period 2?
How many periods are there in period 2?
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Valence electrons occupy the __-orbital for elements in the f-block.
Valence electrons occupy the __-orbital for elements in the f-block.
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the p-orbital?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the p-orbital?
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Study Notes
Valence Electrons and Blocks
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Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost energy level (shell) of an atom.
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Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve 8 valence electrons (a full outer shell). Exceptions include hydrogen and helium (duplet rule—2 electrons).
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Family Numbers (Representative Elements): Valence electrons determine the group number for elements in groups A (representative elements).
- 1A: 1 valence electron
- 2A: 2 valence electrons
- 3A: 3 valence electrons
- 4A: 4 valence electrons
- 5A: 5 valence electrons
- 6A: 6 valence electrons
- 7A: 7 valence electrons
- 8A: 8 valence electrons (stable, noble gases)
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Orbital/Electron Distribution: The table correlates valence electrons with the filling order of the s and p orbitals.
- s orbital can hold 2 electrons
- p orbital can hold up to 6 electrons
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Charges and Stability:
- Loss of electrons → positive charge (cation): Easier way to reach a noble gas configuration. Thus, elements with 1-4 valence electrons gain stability by losing those electrons.
- Gain of electrons → negative charge (anion): Easier way to reach a noble gas configuration.
- Elements in Group 8A (noble gases) have a charge of 0, because they already have a full valence electron shell.
Periodic Table Blocks
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Blocks: The periodic table is divided into blocks (s, p, d, f) based on the type of orbital where valence electrons reside.
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s-block: Groups 1 and 2 (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals); valence electrons occupy the s orbital
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p-block: Groups 13-18; valence electrons occupy the p orbital
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d-block (Transition Metals): Groups 3-12; valence electrons occupy the d orbital
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f-block (Inner Transition Metals): Lanthanides and Actinides; valence electrons occupy the f orbital
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Determining Electron Configuration and Properties Using Group and Period Information
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Period number correlates to energy level (n): The highest energy level (principal quantum number) occupied by electrons.
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Group number and valence electrons are linked: The number of valence electrons determines the group number (for elements in groups A, or s and p blocks)
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Example: To determine the electron configuration of an element in period 2 and group 8A:
- Identify the period (2) and recognize the highest energy level (2).
- Identify the group (8A) meaning the element has 8 valence electrons.
- Determine the appropriate orbitals (using the table): The first two valence electrons go in the s orbital(s) and the remaining 6 in p orbitals: 1s22s22p6
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Example Yttrium (39):
- Determine the electron configuration ([Ar] 4s23d104p65s24d1).
- The valence electrons are 2+1=3, which means the element is in the 3B family (add valence electrons of s and d orbitals).
- The highest energy level is 5, suggesting the element is in period 5.
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Exceptions (transition metals such as Copper): The expected electron configuration isn't always the actual configuration Use the expected electron configuration in these cases to determine the group number and valence electrons.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of valence electrons and their significance in determining the chemical properties and stability of elements. It covers the octet rule, family numbers of representative elements, and the distribution of electrons in orbitals. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence ion charges and element behavior.
