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Questions and Answers
What type of overlap forms sigma bonds?
Which of the following hybridization types has a bond angle closest to 180 degrees?
What is the primary factor that affects bond polarity?
Which hybridization involves 33% s and 67% p orbital character?
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Which type of molecular orbital forms as a result of additive combination?
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What is the bond order in a situation where there are four bonding pairs between two atoms?
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Which of the following bond types is the strongest?
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What is the shape of an antibonding molecular orbital formed through subtractive combination?
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Study Notes
Valence Bond Theory
- Covalent bonds form when atomic orbitals overlap.
- A single occupied orbital from one atom overlaps with a single occupied orbital from another atom.
Hybridization
- Hybrid orbitals are mixtures of atomic orbitals at the same energy level.
- Hybridization explains molecular geometry and bonding.
Sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
- Four sp3 hybrid orbitals form.
- 25% s character and 75% p character.
- Bond angle: 109.5 degrees.
- Bond length: 109 pm.
Sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
- Three sp2 hybrid orbitals form.
- 33% s character and 67% p character.
- One unhybridized p orbital remains.
- Bond angle: 121.3 degrees and 117.4 degrees.
- Bond length: 108.7 pm and 134 pm.
Sp Hybrid Orbitals
- Two sp hybrid orbitals form.
- 50% s character and 50% p character.
- Two unhybridized p orbitals remain.
- Bond angle: 180 degrees.
Molecular Orbital Theory
- Covalent bonds form from the mathematical combination of atomic orbitals.
- This combination creates molecular orbitals.
Additive Combination
- Forms a bonding molecular orbital.
- Lower in energy.
- Roughly egg-shaped.
Subtractive Combination
- Forms an antibonding molecular orbital.
- Higher in energy.
- Has a node between the nuclei.
Properties of Covalent Bonds
Bond Polarity
- Distribution of electric charge across a bond between two atoms.
- Affected by:
- Electronegativity of bonding elements.
- Orbital electronegativity of bonding elements.
- Influence of neighboring atoms.
Bond Length
- Distance between the centers of two covalently bonded atoms.
Bond Strength
- Force holding atoms or materials together.
- Amount of energy needed to break bonds.
- Bond strength order: Ionic > Covalent > Hydrogen.
Bond Order
- Number of bonding pairs (2 electrons) between two atoms.
Chemical Structures
- Lewis structure.
- Structural formula.
- Simplified structural formula.
- Condensed structure.
- Skeletal/Line structure.
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Description
Dive into the concepts of Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization. This quiz covers the formation of covalent bonds, hybrid orbitals, and the geometry associated with sp3, sp2, and sp hybrid orbitals. Test your understanding of molecular bonding principles and their implications in molecular geometry.
