Vaccines and Immunization Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following vaccines require booster shots for ongoing protection?

PCV13

Rotavirus

DTaP (correct)

Polio (IPV)

What type of vaccine is used to protect against Diphtheria?

Live attenuated vaccine

Toxoid vaccine (correct)

Inactivated vaccine

Subunit vaccine

Which of the following vaccines is NOT part of the PENTA vaccine?

MMR (correct)

DTaP

Hib

Hepatitis B

Which vaccine is administered orally?

Rotavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) in Iraq?

To ensure that all children and at-risk groups receive vaccinations Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) in Iraq established?

1985 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of primary prevention in disease management?

To prevent the development of disease in healthy individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes active immunization?

It stimulates the body's immune response through vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes tertiary prevention in the context of disease management?

Preventing complications in diagnosed patients with symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What was Edward Jenner's contribution to the field of immunology?

He developed the smallpox vaccine through cowpox exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines a toxoid in immunology?

A modified toxin that stimulates antitoxin formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between active and passive immunization?

Active involves vaccine administration to stimulate immunity, while passive uses antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secondary prevention?

Identifying diseases before symptoms appear through screening Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of immunoglobulin?

To serve as a source of antibodies against infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly characterizes disease prevention actions?

They can involve minimizing the impact of diseases and disabilities. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates live-attenuated vaccines from inactivated vaccines?

Live-attenuated vaccines can provide long-lasting immunity with fewer doses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of live-attenuated vaccines?

They can only be used in healthy individuals without compromised immune systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is an example of an inactivated vaccine?

Hepatitis A Signup and view all the answers

Why might individuals need booster shots after receiving inactivated vaccines?

Inactivated vaccines do not elicit a strong immune system response initially. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine is known to use only specific pieces of the germ?

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines?

They can be administered to individuals with weakened immune systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is commonly protected against with a live-attenuated vaccine?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about toxoid vaccines is true?

They can effectively protect against diseases caused by toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT considered by scientists when developing a vaccine?

The geographic location of the germ outbreak. Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of receiving a live-attenuated vaccine for someone with an organ transplant?

They may develop a serious infection from the vaccine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vaccines

Vaccines are actions to prevent diseases.
Actions aim to eradicate or minimize disease and disability impact, or retard progress.
Primary prevention stops disease development.
Secondary prevention identifies people with disease onset but no symptoms.
Tertiary prevention prevents complications in diagnosed individuals.

Edward Jenner

In 1796, Jenner inserted cowpox into a boy to prevent smallpox.
The boy became immune to smallpox.
Jenner called this new method "vaccination."

Immunization

Immunization makes a person immune to infectious diseases.
Active immunization uses vaccines to stimulate immune responses.
Passive immunization uses antibodies to create temporary immunity.
Immunoglobulin is a fraction of human blood plasma with antibodies.
Antitoxin is a solution of antibodies to specific antigens.
Toxoids are modified toxins, non-toxic but stimulate antitoxin formation.
Vaccines are preparations to create disease immunity by stimulating antibody production.

Vaccine Types

There are various vaccine types, each designed to teach the immune system to fight germs.
Scientists consider immune system response, targeted individuals, and best technology when creating vaccines.
Four main vaccine types: live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit/recombinant/polysaccharide/conjugate, and toxoid.

Live-Attenuated Vaccines

Contain weakened live bacteria or viruses replicating in the body.
Examples include BCG, oral polio, and MMR.
Create strong, long-lasting immunity.
Usually require only 1 or 2 doses for lifetime protection.
Limitations include weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or organ transplants.
Used to protect against measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus, smallpox, chickenpox, yellow fever, and oral polio.

Inactivated Vaccines

Use killed versions of disease-causing germs.
Usually do not provide as strong immunity as live vaccines, needing boosters.
Examples include hepatitis A, flu, polio (injectable type), and rabies.

Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines

Use specific pieces of the germ (protein, sugar, capsid).
Produce strong, targeted immune responses.
Effective for most people including those with compromised immune systems.
May need boosters for ongoing protection.
Used to protect against Hib, Hepatitis B, HPV, whooping cough, pneumococcal disease, and shingles.

Toxoid Vaccines

Use toxins (harmful products) made by disease-causing germs.
Target the toxin, not the whole germ.
Create immunity against the toxin, not the whole disease.
Require boosters like other types to maintain ongoing protection.
Examples: diphtheria and tetanus.

Vaccine Administration

Different routes of vaccine administration exist; the optimal route depends on the vaccine type.
Key vaccine administration sites include deltoid muscle, vastus lateralis muscle, and other injection sites.

Vaccine Safety and Quality

Vaccines are sensitive to heat and freezing.
Vaccine storage and transport require the cold-chain system.
VVM monitoring is vital for the cold-chain.

Storing Vaccines

WHO recommends specific temperature ranges for storage and transport based on manufacturer data.
All vaccines can be stored at positive temperatures (2°C to 8°C).
Some vaccines can be stored at negative temperatures (-15°C to -25°C).

Vaccine Monitoring

Daily and monthly vaccine checking and recording are essential.
Cold box monitoring is essential for quality vaccine storage.

Vaccine Vial Monitors (VVMs)

VVM are chemical indicators attached to vaccine vials, ampoules, and droppers
VVMs track heat exposure.
VVM coloration changes as heat exposure increases.
A lighter square indicates safe temperatures; a darker square indicates discard.

Iraq Data

Iraq's immunization program (EPI) began in 1985.
The program targets specific groups.
The long-term vision is complete, high-quality services for all.
Iraq has diverse demographic data including population totals, children, infants, and pregnant women in 2024
Data for various vaccines (polio and measles) over time is recorded to show the changes.
Various milestones like the launch of EPI, establishment of cold chain, introductions of MMR and new vaccines, and using PCV13 were covered
Vaccination schedules vary depending on the year.
Common vaccines were highlighted including bOPV, HepB, BCG, DPT, OPV, MCV, TT, MMR, Rotavirus, IPV, and others.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of vaccines and immunization, including the history of vaccination initiated by Edward Jenner. It discusses different types of prevention strategies and immunization methods, detailing how vaccines work to protect against infectious diseases.