Vaccines and AV Lecture 1: Introduction to Vaccination

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What is the primary goal of prophylaxis in disease prevention?

To prescribe medication for an infection

To preserve health and prevent the spread of disease (correct)

To develop resistance to a disease

To cure an existing disease

What is the primary function of a vaccine?

To diagnose a disease

To develop antibiotic resistance

To cure an existing infection

To elicit immunity to a disease (correct)

In ancient times, what was observed about individuals who had survived smallpox?

They became immune to all diseases

They were more susceptible to other diseases

They did not contract the disease again (correct)

They became carriers of the disease

What was the process developed by Chinese doctors to prevent smallpox?

Variolation Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of variolation on the mortality rate of smallpox?

The mortality rate dropped from ~30% to 1% Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced variolation to England?

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Signup and view all the answers

What was the observation made by Edward Jenner about milkmaids?

They usually didn’t contract smallpox and had clear complexions Signup and view all the answers

What was the name given to the process by which Edward Jenner inoculated people with cowpox pus?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

How was the smallpox vaccine typically administered?

Lightly piercing the skin with a bifurcated needle Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated number of deaths attributed to smallpox in the 20th century?

300-500 million Signup and view all the answers

What was the strategy used by the WHO to eradicate smallpox?

Surveillance and containment by ring vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the artificial induction of immunity?

Immunisation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of boosting in vaccination?

To provide long-term protection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a vaccine that is derived from a weakened form of a pathogenic organism?

Attenuated vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the WHO’s smallpox eradication program?

Worldwide eradication of smallpox Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a vaccine that is derived from inactivated pathogenic organisms?

Dead vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem with the Salk vaccine?

Incomplete virus inactivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Salk and Sabin vaccines?

Whether the vaccine is inactivated or live Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the V-073 antiviral?

To inhibit capsid uncoating Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Sabin vaccine not used in immune-compromised individuals?

Risk of reversion to virulence Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the booster shots in the Salk vaccine?

To increase protection against all 3 serotypes Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of using V-073 and V-7404 simultaneously?

To reduce the development of resistance Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary advantage of the vaccinia virus vaccine used against smallpox?

It was safe and produced a very mild infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of 'Herd Immunity'?

It relies on the immunization of a significant proportion of a population Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for poliovirus?

Through faeces-contaminated water or food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of poliovirus infection in the paralytic disease?

The ventral grey matter of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate fatality rate of smallpox vaccination?

1: 1,000,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgG antibodies in passive immunity?

To cross the placenta from mother to foetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of 'Contact Immunity'?

It leads to the unintentional infection and subsequent immunity of nonimmune individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'immune competent' and 'immune suppressed' individuals in relation to poliovirus infection?

The likelihood of paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of widespread destruction of motor neurons in poliovirus infection?

Muscle atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of placing patients in a negative pressure ventilator or 'iron lung' in poliovirus infection?

To support breathing Signup and view all the answers