32 Questions
What is the primary goal of prophylaxis in disease prevention?
To preserve health and prevent the spread of disease
What is the primary function of a vaccine?
To elicit immunity to a disease
In ancient times, what was observed about individuals who had survived smallpox?
They did not contract the disease again
What was the process developed by Chinese doctors to prevent smallpox?
Variolation
What was the result of variolation on the mortality rate of smallpox?
The mortality rate dropped from ~30% to 1%
Who introduced variolation to England?
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
What was the observation made by Edward Jenner about milkmaids?
They usually didn’t contract smallpox and had clear complexions
What was the name given to the process by which Edward Jenner inoculated people with cowpox pus?
Vaccination
How was the smallpox vaccine typically administered?
Lightly piercing the skin with a bifurcated needle
What was the estimated number of deaths attributed to smallpox in the 20th century?
300-500 million
What was the strategy used by the WHO to eradicate smallpox?
Surveillance and containment by ring vaccination
What is the term for the artificial induction of immunity?
Immunisation
What is the purpose of boosting in vaccination?
To provide long-term protection
What is the term for a vaccine that is derived from a weakened form of a pathogenic organism?
Attenuated vaccine
What was the outcome of the WHO’s smallpox eradication program?
Worldwide eradication of smallpox
What is the term for a vaccine that is derived from inactivated pathogenic organisms?
Dead vaccine
What is the main problem with the Salk vaccine?
Incomplete virus inactivation
What is the main difference between the Salk and Sabin vaccines?
Whether the vaccine is inactivated or live
What is the purpose of the V-073 antiviral?
To inhibit capsid uncoating
Why is the Sabin vaccine not used in immune-compromised individuals?
Risk of reversion to virulence
What is the purpose of the booster shots in the Salk vaccine?
To increase protection against all 3 serotypes
What is the goal of using V-073 and V-7404 simultaneously?
To reduce the development of resistance
What was the primary advantage of the vaccinia virus vaccine used against smallpox?
It was safe and produced a very mild infection
What is the primary mechanism of 'Herd Immunity'?
It relies on the immunization of a significant proportion of a population
What is the primary route of transmission for poliovirus?
Through faeces-contaminated water or food
What is the primary target of poliovirus infection in the paralytic disease?
The ventral grey matter of the spinal cord
What is the approximate fatality rate of smallpox vaccination?
1: 1,000,000
What is the primary function of IgG antibodies in passive immunity?
To cross the placenta from mother to foetus
What is the primary benefit of 'Contact Immunity'?
It leads to the unintentional infection and subsequent immunity of nonimmune individuals
What is the primary difference between 'immune competent' and 'immune suppressed' individuals in relation to poliovirus infection?
The likelihood of paralysis
What is the primary consequence of widespread destruction of motor neurons in poliovirus infection?
Muscle atrophy
What is the primary purpose of placing patients in a negative pressure ventilator or 'iron lung' in poliovirus infection?
To support breathing
Learn about the importance of prevention in treating infectious diseases, particularly when no effective drug is available. Discover how vaccination plays a crucial role in disease control and prevention.
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