Vaccine Therapeutics Overview
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What is a major advantage of subunit vaccines using carrier proteins?

  • Fast production time
  • Longer duration of higher antibody concentrations (correct)
  • No need for boosters
  • Lower cost

    • Virus-like particles (VLPs) contain the viral genome.

    False (B)

    Name one licensed vaccine that uses the virus-like particle technology.

    Human papillomavirus vaccine

    The HPV vaccine should ideally be given before becoming ______.

    <p>sexually active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about memory B cells is true?

    <p>They produce antibodies for decades and are long-lived. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following HPV vaccines with their characteristics:

    <p>Gardasil® = Protects against types 6, 11, 16, 18 produced in S.cerevisiae Gardasil-9® = Protects against types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 Cervarix® = Protects against types 16, 18 produced in insect cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edward Jenner is credited with the development of the rabies vaccine.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CD8+ effector T cells?

    <p>To eliminate infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1990s, research began on ______ vaccines, which use messenger RNA to provoke an immune response.

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the historical figure with their contribution to vaccination:

    <p>Edward Jenner = Smallpox vaccine Louis Pasteur = Rabies vaccine Albert Calmette = Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine Jonas Salk = Polio vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of personalized cancer vaccines derived from autologous tumor cells?

    <p>To elicit antitumor responses that are relevant to individual patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autologous therapy uses antigens that are the same for all patients.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neoantigens in the context of personalized cancer vaccines?

    <p>Unique antigens expressed by individual tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the key challenges in personalized cancer vaccine development is tumor evasion and __________.

    <p>immunosuppressive TME</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vaccine development goals with their descriptions:

    <p>Improve methods of antigen delivery = Enhancing the mechanism of how antigens are introduced to the immune system Induce antibody response with anti-tumor activity = Developing strategies that stimulate the immune response through antibodies Vaccine trials for Group B Streptococcus = Protecting newborns by inducing maternal antibodies Combat antibiotic-resistant infections = Targeting hospital-acquired infections caused by resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines are licensed using inactivated technology?

    <p>Whole-cell pertussis (C), Typhoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inactivated vaccines require fewer booster shots compared to live attenuated vaccines.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effectiveness percentage of the Inactivated Influenza vaccine?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Influenza A virus is classified by subtypes based on properties of hemagglutinin (H) and __________ (N) surface proteins.

    <p>neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vaccines with their respective technology:

    <p>Measles = Live attenuated Polio = Inactivated Group B meningococcal = Outer membrane vesicle HepA = Inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of outer membrane vesicle vaccines?

    <p>Consistency of yields (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The influenza virus is grown in embryonated chicken eggs for the production of the vaccine.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential requirement for achieving herd immunity?

    <p>Vaccination of a critical level of the population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using inactivated vaccines?

    <p>Lower possibility of adverse side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All vaccines are 100% effective in preventing disease.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity for polio?

    <p>80-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in the process of mRNA vaccines?

    <p>To translate mRNA into viral protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to achieve a critical level of infection of 80%, approximately _____ of the population needs to be vaccinated if the vaccine is 90% effective.

    <p>89%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prophylactic cancer vaccines can only treat existing cancer.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of vaccine with its description:

    <p>Prophylactic = Engages the immune system to prevent future disease Therapeutic = Strengthens immune response against existing infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease requires a higher percentage of vaccination for herd immunity compared to polio?

    <p>Measles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lipid nanoparticles used for in mRNA vaccines?

    <p>To effectively transport mRNA into host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prophylactic vaccines are designed for the treatment of existing infections.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viral proteins are recognized by ________ which initiates antibody production.

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapeutic vaccine is Sipuleucel-T used for?

    <p>Prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mRNA vaccine candidates with their target diseases:

    <p>Moderna = Influenza VRC01 = HIV Gardasil = Cervical cancer Provenge = Prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential challenge associated with mRNA vaccines?

    <p>Large mRNA molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Therapeutic cancer vaccines target the underlying cause of cancer.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one future application of mRNA vaccines listed in the content.

    <p>HIV, Influenza, Zika virus, Ebola, rabies, respiratory syncytial virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vaccine Therapeutics

    • Vaccines are biological preparations that induce active acquired immunity to a specific infectious disease.
    • Vaccines can be prophylactic (prevent future infection) or therapeutic (fight existing disease like cancer).
    • Vaccination aims to limit infectious disease spread and protect unvaccinated individuals.

    Lecture Objectives

    • Understand the need for vaccination in the general population, including herd immunity.
    • Differentiate between prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, and their applications.
    • Understand vaccine types (e.g., live attenuated, inactivated, subunit), their mechanisms of action, advantages, and limitations.
    • Discuss suitable vaccine types against specific pathogens or cancers.
    • Describe the mechanisms of action, limitations, challenges, and future directions of mRNA and cancer vaccines.

    Terminology

    • A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.
    • Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent future infection) or therapeutic (to target a disease already present, like cancer).
    • Vaccination aims to reduce the spread of infectious disease and protect those unable to be vaccinated.

    Vaccine Stimulates Protective Immune Response

    • Vaccines stimulate an initial immune response creating protective immunity.
    • This response produces immunological memory resulting in a robust response to subsequent exposure to the antigen.
    • Exposure to an infection, either mild or inapparent, also activates the immunological memory.

    Generation of Immune Response

    • Vaccine antigens are taken up by dendritic cells (DCs) in muscle and transported to lymph nodes.
    • Peptide presentation of vaccine antigen on MHC molecules activates T cells.
    • T-cell signaling activates B cells to produce antibodies that recognize and neutralize the pathogen.
    • Memory B and T cells are formed ensuring long-term immunity.

    Brief History of Vaccination

    • Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796.
    • Louis Pasteur introduced vaccination against rabies in 1885.
    • Advances led to the near eradication of smallpox and significant reduction in polio cases.
    • mRNA vaccine research began in the 1990s.

    Global Vaccination Scale

    • Data on polio and measles vaccination highlights the impact on case rates.
    • Significant reductions in reported cases of polio and measles are observed, emphasizing the effectiveness of vaccines.

    Herd Immunity

    • Herd immunity occurs when a critical vaccination level is reached, protecting the population.
    • This critical threshold varies depending on the pathogen's characteristics and population density.
    • Achieving herd immunity prevents infection spread among susceptible individuals.

    Herd Immunity Details

    • Virus spread stops when the probability of infection drops below a critical level.
    • This critical level is population and virus-specific.
    • For polio (not highly contagious), vaccine coverage of about 80-85% is needed; 90-95% for measles (highly contagious).
    • None of the vaccines is perfectly effective; an 80% critical level requires approximately 89% vaccination.

    Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines

    • Prophylactic vaccines prevent disease.
    • Therapeutic vaccines treat existing disease.

    Vaccine Types

    • Live attenuated: weakened form of the pathogen.
    • Inactivated: killed whole organism.
    • Subunit: purified components of the pathogen (e.g., protein, polysaccharide).
      • Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs): derived from the pathogen's outer membrane.
      • Toxoid: inactivated bacterial toxins.
    • Nucleic acid (mRNA, DNA): genetic material coding for antigenic proteins.
    • Viral vector: harmless virus carrying pathogen genes.
    • Bacterial vector: live bacteria delivering pathogen genes.

    Live Attenuated Vaccine

    • Use of a weakened/attenuated form of the pathogen.
    • Strong, long lasting immunity possible following vaccination, but it is risky since it can revert to its pathogenic form potentially affecting immunocompromised patients hence less rapid and easy new version development.
    • Licensed vaccines utilizing live attenuated technology: measles, rubella, mumps, influenza, oral polio, typhoid, Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus, BCG, varicella zoster

    Inactivated Vaccine

    • Use of a killed, non-living pathogen.
    • Lower adverse side effects but usually necessitates multiple booster shots to maintain efficacy.
    • Licensed vaccines utilizing this technology: whole-cell pertussis, polio, influenza, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, hepA

    Influenza A Virus

    • Classified by subtypes based on hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins.
    • Subtypes are named by combining H and N numbers.

    Inactivated Influenza Vaccine

    • Virus grown in embryonated chicken eggs, inactivated using formalin or detergent.
    • 60% effective.
    • Envelope proteins change yearly, requiring the selection of new strains for yearly vaccine design.

    Selecting an Influenza Virus Vaccine

    • Surveillance network tracks virus strains for seasonal vaccine composition.
    • The process involves selection of virus strains, developing reassortant viruses, standardizing antibodies, and determining dosages.

    Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines

    • Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are used to present antigens to the immune system.
    • Antigens from the outer membrane of pathogens are used for vaccination to aid the immune systems response and improve efficiency.
    • Advantages include straightforwardness, while limitations include yield consistency and toxicity concerns

    Subunit (Purified Protein, Rec. Protein, Peptide, Polysaccharide)

    • Uses purified parts of pathogens.
    • Can be recombinant, thus easily manufactured and safe for immunocompromised patients, but often necessitates adjuvants for improved immunity.
    • Widely used but expensive.

    Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugate

    • Combines polysaccharide with a carrier protein to enhance immune response, particularly effective in children.
    • Licensed vaccines: Haemophilus influenzae type B, pneumococcal, meningococcal, typhoid

    Virus-like Particles (VLPs)

    • Mimic viral structure, not containing viral genome; non-infectious.
    • Robust immunogenic stimulation and wide applicability.
    • Limitations include often liquid formulations, storage issues, and boosters needed.

    Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine

    • Prevents certain high-risk HPV types associated with cancer.
    • Currently available vaccines target specific HPV types that can cause cancer or warts.

    Antigen-Presenting Cell Vaccine

    • Uses antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for cancer vaccination.
    • Goal is to activate T cells against tumor-associated antigens to bolster immunity against tumor.

    Process of generating whole cell DC vaccine

    • DCs are isolated, cultured, and modified with tumor associated antigens to boost anti-tumor immunity.

    Bacterial Vector

    • Involves live bacteria, modified by attenuating bacterial toxicity and use to deliver heterologous antigens to the host immune systems.
    • Potential benefits include reduced purification cost, but it may lead to anti-vector immunity in repeated therapies.

    Viral Vector

    • Uses harmless virus that encodes for pathogen antigen, enabling broad range application hence not restricted to a single type of infection.
    • High effectiveness hence wide applicability but previous vector exposure can hinder its efficiency and it's not adequate for immunocompromised patients.

    Toxoid Vaccine

    • Utilizes inactivated bacterial toxins to activate immune responses, and it led to the first combination vaccines.
    • Limited immunogenicity hence boosters are necessary to maintain effectiveness.

    Nucleic Acid (mRNA, DNA) Vaccine

    • Utilizes the genetic material of a pathogen, coding for antigenic proteins, to trigger immunity against pathogens without risks of disease acquisition in the patient, and efficient fast manufacturing, hence a widely applicable technology.
    • mRNA degrades quickly which is a primary limitation making it unstable. Unwanted immune responses/side effects are also possible.

    mRNA Vaccine Challenges

    • Large mRNA molecules pose difficulties in transport.
    • Currently, the use of lipid complexes and nanoparticles are used as delivery mechanisms to enhance stability and safety, and to reduce costs.
    • Host immune system reactions, and impurities in mRNA necessitate purification techniques.

    Future of mRNA Vaccines

    • mRNA-based vaccines are being explored in prophylaxis against various diseases, including HIV, influenza, and chronic diseases like cancer.
    • Some new viral vector types and antigens are being developed to target different disease.

    Prophylactic and Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

    • Prophylactic vaccines target viral infections linked to cancer development.
    • Therapeutic vaccines target cancer cells, typically to help the immune system recognize and eliminate them.
    • Personalized cancer vaccines may use antigens from the patient's tumor to boost antigen-specific T cell responses against specific cancers.

    Personalized Cancer Vaccines

    • Personalized cancer vaccines use autologous tumor cells or tumor-derived products to elicit anti-tumor responses.
    • Identification of neoantigens and tumor-associated antigens enhances the effectiveness of the anti-tumor response in the patient and helps eradicate tumors.

    Future Perspectives

    • New vaccine vectors, improved antigen delivery, overcoming immune suppression, enhancing antibody response, and development of new vaccines are needed to address unmet health needs.
    • Focusing on prevention particularly in antibiotic-resistant bacteria are critical areas for vaccine development.

    Requirements for an Effective Vaccine

    • Effective vaccines must induce an adaptive immune response to protect a population against diseases caused by virulent pathogens.
    • Vaccine safety and long-term effectiveness are paramount.
    • The cost-effectiveness of delivery methods should also be considered.

    Features of Therapeutic Biopharmaceuticals and Prophylactic Vaccines

    • Comprehensive table outlining differences between therapeutic and preventative biopharmaceuticals regarding:
      • Target population
      • Acceptable risk-to-benefit ratio
      • Therapeutic doses
      • Number of doses
      • Need for combination/needle free delivery
      • Development time
      • Success rate
      • Main features bill of testing
      • Cost.

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    Vaccine Therapeutics PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of vaccine therapeutics, including the difference between prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. It also covers various vaccine types, their mechanisms of action, and the importance of vaccination in public health, specifically herd immunity. Understand the challenges and future directions of mRNA and cancer vaccines.

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