Vaccination Course - Semester 1 2024
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Questions and Answers

What is considered a dropout in the context of vaccination?

  • A child or woman who fails to return for subsequent eligible doses (correct)
  • A child or woman who moves away from the area
  • A child or woman who completes the entire immunization schedule
  • A child or woman who receives only partial vaccination
  • Which of the following is NOT a common cause of dropout rates?

  • Long wait times at the vaccination center
  • Inconvenient center operating hours
  • Health workers providing comprehensive information (correct)
  • Negative attitudes of health workers
  • Missed opportunities in vaccination mainly arise from which of the following issues?

  • Health workers vaccinating only outside of clinic hours
  • Vaccination centers offering free transportation
  • Health workers who do not screen patients for immunization status (correct)
  • Health workers providing multiple doses simultaneously
  • What factor does NOT affect immunization coverage?

    <p>High school graduation rates of mothers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed solution to improve vaccination coverage?

    <p>Implementing dropout tracing mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a consequence of a negative attitude among health workers?

    <p>Lower vaccination coverage due to misinformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should vaccines be administered for a child who is eligible?

    <p>As per the recommended vaccination schedule without restarting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a cause of missed opportunities in vaccinations?

    <p>Health workers vaccinating everyone regardless of need (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of an ideal vaccine allows it to be effective after a single dose?

    <p>Effectiveness with minimal doses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of preservatives in vaccines?

    <p>Improving patient tolerability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline is most essential for maintaining the effectiveness of vaccines during storage?

    <p>Maintaining proper temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desired outcome of having a vaccine that prevents disease transmission?

    <p>Cessation of a disease in the community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible consequence of inadequate vaccine inventory management?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for vaccines to provide long-lasting immunity?

    <p>To reduce the number of vaccinations required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors has a direct impact on immunization coverage?

    <p>Cost of the vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of stabilizers used in vaccines?

    <p>They extend the shelf-life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason DPT should not be administered?

    <p>Development of convulsions after previous dose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine?

    <p>Pain at the injection site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which storage condition is critical for vaccines at health centers?

    <p>Maintained within specified temperature ranges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key strategies for preventing diseases targeted by the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)?

    <p>Mass mobilization for vaccination campaigns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indicator of successful immunization?

    <p>Completed immunization card (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is characterized by administering vaccines in community settings?

    <p>Outreach immunization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the Measles vaccine?

    <p>It can lead to a fever 5 – 8 days later (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine should an infant with clinical AIDS avoid?

    <p>BCG vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Dropout

    A child or woman who fails to return for subsequent vaccinations they are eligible for.

    Missed Opportunities

    Cases where children or mothers are eligible for vaccination but do not receive it due to various reasons related to health workers, logistics, or patient factors.

    Low Vaccination Coverage

    A situation where a significant portion of eligible individuals do not receive vaccinations.

    Dropout Causes (examples)

    Reasons why individuals stop getting vaccinations, including unsure return dates, long waits, inconvenient center hours, and negative health worker attitudes.

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    Missed Opportunity Causes (examples)

    Reasons why eligible individuals don't get vaccinated despite being at the health facility, such as lack of awareness by health workers, false contraindications, or logistical issues.

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    Solutions

    Steps to improve vaccination rates, such as social mobilization, dropout tracking, training for health workers, and support systems.

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    Vaccination Completion

    A process of getting all required doses in a specific immunization schedule.

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    Reasons to miss a vaccination

    All the different possible reasons why someone might miss a vaccination, including illness, time constraints, and logistical challenges.

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    DPT Vaccine Side Effects

    Possible side effects of the DPT vaccine include fever, soreness at the injection site, and abscess. A rare, serious side effect is convulsions.

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    Polio Vaccine Side Effects

    Polio vaccination usually has few or no side effects.

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    Tetanus Toxoid (TT) Side Effects

    Possible side effects of the TT vaccine include pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site.

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    Measles Vaccine Side Effects

    Possible side effects of the Measles vaccine include fever 5-8 days after vaccination and occasional rash.

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    Contraindications for DPT

    DPT should not be given to children who have had severe reactions (like shock, convulsions, or anaphylaxis) to a previous dose.

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    BCG Vaccine and HIV

    Infants with clinical AIDS should not receive the BCG vaccine or oral polio, but other EPI vaccines are safe.

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    Successful Vaccination Indicators

    Indicators of successful vaccination programs include a BCG scar, completed immunization cards, and proper vaccine storage.

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    Vaccination Delivery Strategies

    Vaccination delivery includes static (routine), outreach (mobile teams), mobile (single doses) and campaigns (large-scale events).

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    Vaccine Adjuvants

    Substances that enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens.

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    Preservatives in Vaccines

    Prevent bacterial growth in multi-dose vaccines.

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    Vaccine Stabilizers

    Extend the shelf life of vaccines.

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    Vaccine Components (Salts/Acids)

    Maintain the correct pH level in vaccines.

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    Ideal Vaccine Characteristics

    Attributes desirable for a vaccine to be safe, effective, and practical.

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    Immunogenicity

    Ability of a vaccine to trigger an immune response.

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    Affordable Vaccine

    A vaccine accessible to all.

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    Vaccine Storage

    Proper handling and storing of vaccines to maintain effectiveness.

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    Study Notes

    Vaccination Course - Semester 1 2024

    • Course Facilitator: M. SHADRACK T. D. Samuel
    • Class Meets: Mondays, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
    • Email: [email protected]
    • Required Resources: Computer, reliable internet, articles, supplemental materials, and URLs/websites.

    Grading

    • Class Participation/In-class activities: 15% of final CA mark
    • Class attendance: 10% of final CA mark
    • Quizzes: 55% of final CA mark
    • Assignments: 20% of final CA mark
    • Continuous Assessment (CA): 30%
    • Semester Exam: 70%

    Course Aim

    • Equip learners to become nurse and midwife leaders, managers, educators, advocates for patients, quality health services, and the role of nursing in the health agenda.

    Instructional Methods

    • Lectures, online class discussions, active participation, and computer-generated presentations.
    • Recommended readings and online class discussions are expected prior to each lecture.
    • Emphasis on utilization of management processes, leadership theories, problem-solving, clinical decision-making, policy analysis, and monitoring.
    • Course includes a combination of lecture, online class discussion, and active participation, with computer-generated presentations.

    Make-up Exams and Late Assignments

    • No make-up exams, except in documented hardship cases.
    • One letter grade reduction per day late for assignments.

    Vaccine General Information

    • Vaccine: An antigenic preparation of microbes (bacteria, viruses, or their products) administered for disease prevention.
    • Mechanism: Stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies that quickly and effectively attack disease-causing microbes when they enter the body, preventing disease development.
    • Preparation: Contains live-attenuated or killed microorganisms, or parts of them capable of stimulating a specific immune response for protective antibodies and T cell immunity.
    • Vaccination Process: Injection of antigens into the body to produce immunity and protect against diseases. It's a process of active immunization, with a primary dose and booster doses.

    Immunity

    • Immunity: The body's ability to resist diseases and infectious agents.
    • Types of Immunity: Roughly different immunity types exist, individualized and/or community level.

    Herd Immunity

    • Herd Immunity: In a community, immunization of a high proportion (usually 80% or more) to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

    Vaccine Storage and Handling

    • Cold Chain: Materials, equipment, and procedures used to maintain vaccines at a temperature range of 2°C to +8°C from manufacturing to administration.
    • Temperature Concerns: Exposure to temperatures outside the specified range can compromise vaccine potency.
    • Incident Reporting: If vaccine exposure breaches the required temperature parameters, appropriate action must be taken.

    Vaccination Types

    • Inactivated: Using inactivated (killed) versions of the germ; may require multiple doses.
    • Live Attenuated: Using weakened forms of the germ for a strong and long-lasting response.
    • Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate: Use specific pieces of the germ for response to key parts.
    • Toxoid: Using toxins made by germs to create immunity against specific parts of the germ.
    • mRNA Vaccines: Designed and used for infections or diseases like COVID-19.

    Vaccine Components and Materials

    • Active Materials (Antigens): Molecules reacting with T and B cells to induce specific immune responses.
    • Inactive Materials (Adjuvants): Enhancer of immune responses, like aluminum salts or other components.
    • Preservatives: Prevents bacterial growth, particularly in multi-dose vaccines (e.g., thiomersal).
    • Stabilizers: Extends the shelf-life of vaccines (e.g., proteins).

    Vaccine Characteristics

    • Immunogenic: Produces a strong and protective immune response without causing the disease.
    • Safe: With low adverse event rates.
    • Stable: Maintains effectiveness in storage conditions.
    • Combination: Can contain multiple antigens for combined disease protection.

    EPI Target Diseases

    • Pertussis (Whooping Cough): A bacterial respiratory disease. Includes details on symptoms, incubation period, diagnosis, prevention, and management options.
    • Tetanus: A neurological disease caused by Clostridium tetani. Details on symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment covered.
    • Poliomyelitis: Viral disease with potential for paralysis. Includes information about symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.
    • Diphtheria: Bacterial disease affecting tonsils, pharynx, and larynx. Includes information about symptoms, diagnosis, and management.
    • Measles: Highly contagious viral infection. Includes information about symptoms, management, and complications.
    • Tuberculosis (TB): Includes details on the disease, transmission, predisposing factors, and clinical features.

    Vaccination Management

    • Chemotherapy: Details for treatment and phases of treatment.
    • Vaccine Side Effects: Reporting of adverse reactions is included.

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    Description

    This course aims to equip learners with the knowledge and skills to become effective nurse and midwife leaders. Emphasizing quality health services and patient advocacy, the curriculum includes lectures, discussions, and assessments to enhance engagement and learning. Prepare for a semester focused on health management in nursing.

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