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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of evaluative listening?
What is the primary goal of evaluative listening?
Which type of listening requires the listener to interpret nonverbal clues?
Which type of listening requires the listener to interpret nonverbal clues?
What distinguishes explicit meaning from implicit meaning?
What distinguishes explicit meaning from implicit meaning?
Which of the following skills involves recognizing sounds to understand a verbal message?
Which of the following skills involves recognizing sounds to understand a verbal message?
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What is a key characteristic of attentive listening?
What is a key characteristic of attentive listening?
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Comprehension in listening skills involves which of the following?
Comprehension in listening skills involves which of the following?
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What is the main purpose of scanning during listening?
What is the main purpose of scanning during listening?
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Which component is important to identify during oral discourse analysis?
Which component is important to identify during oral discourse analysis?
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What is the primary difference between hearing and listening?
What is the primary difference between hearing and listening?
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Which step involves recognizing the physical aspects of the spoken message?
Which step involves recognizing the physical aspects of the spoken message?
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What factor must listeners evaluate to understand a message effectively?
What factor must listeners evaluate to understand a message effectively?
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How does note-taking during listening sessions fundamentally aid comprehension?
How does note-taking during listening sessions fundamentally aid comprehension?
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What characterizes appreciative listening?
What characterizes appreciative listening?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of effective listening?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of effective listening?
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What best describes decoding in the context of listening?
What best describes decoding in the context of listening?
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Which statement about prejudices in listening is true?
Which statement about prejudices in listening is true?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes note taking from note making?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes note taking from note making?
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Which of the following correctly defines phonetics?
Which of the following correctly defines phonetics?
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In the mechanism of speech, where does the concept formulation begin?
In the mechanism of speech, where does the concept formulation begin?
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Which organ is primarily involved in sound production during speech?
Which organ is primarily involved in sound production during speech?
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What does note making primarily emphasize during its process?
What does note making primarily emphasize during its process?
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Which system is NOT one of the three primary systems involved in speech production?
Which system is NOT one of the three primary systems involved in speech production?
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How does the ear contribute to the process of speech?
How does the ear contribute to the process of speech?
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What role does the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) serve in phonetics?
What role does the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) serve in phonetics?
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Which category of consonant sounds includes /r/, /w/, and /j/?
Which category of consonant sounds includes /r/, /w/, and /j/?
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What characterizes primary stress in longer English words?
What characterizes primary stress in longer English words?
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Which type of tone is used in ordinary statements and WH- questions?
Which type of tone is used in ordinary statements and WH- questions?
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How is rhythm in speech primarily established?
How is rhythm in speech primarily established?
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In the context of stress, what is meant by 'tonic syllable'?
In the context of stress, what is meant by 'tonic syllable'?
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Which of the following statements is true about voiceless consonants?
Which of the following statements is true about voiceless consonants?
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What is the role of intonation in verbal communication?
What is the role of intonation in verbal communication?
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What can be inferred about diphthongs in vowel sounds?
What can be inferred about diphthongs in vowel sounds?
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How many total phonemes are there in a specific language?
How many total phonemes are there in a specific language?
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What is an allophone?
What is an allophone?
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Which of the following describes a diphthong?
Which of the following describes a diphthong?
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Which type of consonant sound is produced by closing off the air passage and then releasing it?
Which type of consonant sound is produced by closing off the air passage and then releasing it?
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Which of the following sounds passes air through the nose?
Which of the following sounds passes air through the nose?
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What is an example of a semi-vowel?
What is an example of a semi-vowel?
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Which classification does the sound /tʃ/ belong to?
Which classification does the sound /tʃ/ belong to?
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How many vowel sounds are there in most languages, including diphthongs and pure vowels?
How many vowel sounds are there in most languages, including diphthongs and pure vowels?
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Study Notes
Distinguishing Comprehension
- Note taking and drawing inferences are key skills in distinguishing general and specific information.
- This unit also introduces phonetics, specifically the articulation of consonant and vowel sounds.
Listening Process
- Listening involves four stages: sensing, decoding, evaluation, and response.
- The listener hears sounds, decodes the message, evaluates its meaning, and then responds accordingly.
Note Taking
- Note taking is a quick process of writing down important points while listening.
- It can be done at any place, however, note making is a slower process and can be done in a quiet place.
Prejudices
- Prejudices can cloud our judgment and lead to one-way thinking.
- We should be aware of our own prejudices to ensure fair evaluations of messages.
Effective Listening
- Effective listening goes beyond recognizing units and includes understanding boundary halts, pauses, stress, hesitations, intonation, and rhythm patterns.
Message Interpretation
- Message interpretation involves evaluating the language used, collecting feedback, and analyzing the results.
Sensing
- Sensing involves recognizing the physical hearing of the message and phonologically taking note of it.
- This stage focuses on the study of sounds in a language.
Decoding
- Decoding refers to the process of changing the coded message into evaluable information.
- It involves understanding spoken language and is crucial for successful communication.
Evaluation
- Evaluation involves analyzing and understanding the speaker's intention and attitude.
- It requires considering prejudices, which can be unfair opinions based on sound clues from the speaker.
Response
- The response is the listener's action or reaction to the message.
- An accurate response depends on a thorough analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of the message.
Hearing vs. Listening
- Hearing is involuntary, automatic, and passive.
- Listening is voluntary, requires conscious effort, and is an active process.
Types of Listening
- Superficial: Minimal awareness of the content, resulting in zero output (ignoring the message).
- Appreciative: Focuses on enjoying the moment, common for songs and jokes.
- Format Focused: The most common type in informal oral communication, focusing on specific information for decision-making (e.g., television announcements, radio).
- Evaluative: Evaluation of the oral message, interpreting and analyzing explicit and implicit meaning, with the goal of selecting relevant information (e.g., lectures, seminars).
- Attentive: Complete attention from the listener, focused on interacting and generating productive messages (e.g., group discussions, meetings, interviews).
- Empathetic: Understanding not just what the speaker says, but also their feelings, emotions, and state of mind. It requires interpreting nonverbal cues and body language.
Effective Listening Strategies
- A clear and specific purpose for listening.
- Understanding the speaker's language.
- Understanding the content based on existing knowledge.
- Paying attention to the speaker's speech.
- Thinking ahead and concentrating.
- Asking questions for clarification.
- Using background information to aid comprehension.
- Interpreting and analyzing while listening.
- Using different strategies for different types of oral discussions.
Explicit vs. Implicit
- Explicit: Clear and direct communication.
- Implicit: Meaning understood but not directly stated.
Comprehension
- The understanding of oral messages.
- A complex process including interpreting sounds and understanding the meaning, both explicit and implicit.
Scanning
- The ability to quickly locate specific information in conversations, often involving prediction and guessing.
Speech Decoding
- Sound Recognition: Involves recognizing words and accents.
Comprehending Verbal Messages
- The ability to:
- Identify the central theme and main ideas.
- Concentrate and understand long speeches.
- Identify the level of formality.
- Deduce incomplete information.
- Decode unfamiliar vocabulary.
Oral Discourse Analysis
- The process of identifying relationships between different units of speech.
- It involves critical thinking, attitude analysis, and inferential skills.
Effective Listening Strategies
- Adheres to the ten rules for good listening.
- Employs active listening practices.
Note Taking vs. Note Making
- Note Taking: A quick process of briefly and clearly writing down important points from structured verbal messages. It involves summarizing and paraphrasing, often done on the spot.
- Note Making: A slower process of reviewing and combining ideas from lectures or reading, happening after gathering information. It requires a deeper understanding of the content.
Phonetics
- The study of how humans produce and perceive sounds.
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) standardizes pronunciation across languages.
Speech Process
- This process involves checking and analyzing the message for the listener.
Mechanism of Speech
- Speech production is a complex process involving the formulation of a concept in the speaker's brain, transmission of the message to the speech organs via the nervous system, and the production of speech sounds.
- These sounds create air disturbances, which are received by the listener's ear and transmitted to the brain for decoding and interpretation.
- Successful communication requires shared language codes between speaker and listener.
Organs of Speech
- Three systems involved in speaking:
- Respiratory: Lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea (windpipe).
- Phonatory: Larynx (containing vocal cords).
- Articulatory: Nose, mouth, tongue, teeth, and lips, including the hard palate, soft palate, uvula, pharynx, and larynx.
Phonemes
- The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguishes one word from another (e.g., "sit" vs. "sin" - the /t/ and /n/ are different phonemes).
- English has 44 phonemes: 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds.
Vowel Sounds
- Produced without stopping the airflow.
Consonant Sounds
- Produced with constriction of airflow and some stoppage.
- Includes 20 vowel sounds, 8 diphthongs, and 12 pure vowels (7 short and 5 long).
Allophones
- Variants of a phoneme, often with different pronunciations depending on context (e.g., the "p" in "pen," "cap," and "temper" are allophones).
Phonetic Transcription
- A system of writing where each letter represents a single sound, used for standardizing pronunciation across languages.
Consonant Sound Subcategories
- Plosives: Sounds created by closing the air passage and then releasing it (e.g., /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/).
- Affricates: Similar to plosives but with slower articulation, beginning with a stop and ending with a fricative (e.g., /tʃ/, /dʒ/).
- Nasal: Air is passed through the nose (e.g., /m/, /n/, /ŋ/).
- Lateral: The tongue touches the teeth ridge, and air escapes through the sides (e.g., /l/).
- Fricatives: Partially closed air passage creates a hissing sound (e.g., /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /j/).
- Approximant: The tongue approaches the alveolar area without making contact, creating near-vowel sounds (e.g., /w/, /j/, /ɹ/).
Voiced and Voiceless Consonants
- Voiced: Produced with vocal cord vibration (e.g., the "v" in "voice").
- Voiceless: Produced without vocal cord vibration (e.g., the "f" in "life").
Categories of Consonant Sounds
- Plosives: 1-6
- Affricates: 7-8
- Fricatives: 9-16
- Nasal: 17-19
- Lateral: 20
- Fricative: 21
- Approximant: R, W, J
Vowel Sounds
- Long: Detailed information in Section 8.4 of the textbook.
- Short: Detailed information in Section 8.5 of the textbook.
- Dipthong: Detailed information in Section 8.6 of the textbook.
Syllables
- Words can have one or multiple syllables that are pronounced separately (e.g., leadership, engineering, opportunity).
Stress
- The degree of force used to pronounce a sound.
- In words with two or more syllables, one syllable typically stands out due to greater force, duration, and clarity.
- Also known as accented syllables.
Primary and Secondary Stress
- Longer words may have more than one prominent syllable.
- The strongest stress is known as primary stress, while other prominent syllables have secondary stress.
Rhythm
- A pattern of accented (stressed) and unaccented (unstressed) syllables in an utterance or sentence.
- Stressed syllables occur at regular intervals, creating a rhythmic pattern in speech.
Intonation
- The modulation of voice used to convey feelings or moods.
- Crucial for fluency and providing implicit information about sentence type.
Tonic Syllable (Nucleus)
- The syllable where the pitch change begins, marking the focal point of the utterance.
Types of Tones
- Falling: Pitch drops on the tonic syllable (ordinary statements, WH-questions, greetings, exclamatory sentences).
- Rising: Pitch rises on the tonic syllable (questions requiring confirmation, lists, incomplete thoughts).
- Falling-Rising: Pitch falls and then rises on the tonic syllable (showing surprise, doubt, polite disagreement).
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