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Questions and Answers

Which of these is a pure anabolic pathway?

  • Glycogenesis (correct)
  • Gluconeogenesis

Which of these is a pure catabolic pathway?

  • HMP shunt - Uronic acid pathway - Glycogenolysis
  • Glycolysis - Oxidative decarboxylation - Krebs cycle (correct)

What is an amphibolic pathway?

The Krebs cycle

How many ATP molecules are produced by aerobic glycolysis of glucose?

<p>36-38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The oxidative decarboxylation of two molecules of pyruvate produces 12 ATP.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give two examples of substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis?

<p>Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the coenzymes to the metabolic pathways they are required in.

<p>NADP = HMP shunt NAD = Glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate DH FAD = Succinate DH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the important function of the uronic acid pathway?

<p>It is involved in the production of Glucuronic acid, which is important for detoxification reactions and the synthesis of vitamin C in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The HMP shunt plays a key role in the production of both NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is NOT a key enzyme of glycolysis?

<p>Citrate synthase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the branching enzyme in glycogenesis?

<p>The branching enzyme is responsible for creating branches in glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inorganic phosphate in glycogenolysis?

<p>Inorganic phosphate is required to activate glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that breaks down glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycogenolysis in the liver can release free glucose because of the presence of glucose-6-phosphatase.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycogenolysis in muscles can also release free glucose, just like in the liver.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metabolic pathways DO NOT take place in the cytoplasm?

<p>Krebs cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only type of glucosidic bond that glycogen phosphorylase can break?

<p>α-1, 4 glucosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What needs to happen to glycerol before it can be used for gluconeogenesis?

<p>It must be converted first to dihydroxyacetone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphofructokinase 2 in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

<p>Phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK-2) generates fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate, which activates phosphofructokinase 1 and inhibits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of Fanconi syndrome?

<p>It is characterized by decreased renal tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and phosphate, leading to glucosuria, aminoaciduria, and phosphaturia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA both require the same five coenzymes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis in red blood cells is an anaerobic process that ends with the production of lactate and generates only 2 ATP.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting blood glucose level?

<p>70 to 110 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal renal threshold for glucose?

<p>180 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both glucokinase and hexokinase act on glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the enzymes with the products they produce when acting on their respective substrates:

<p>Fructokinase on fructose = fructose-1-phosphate Hexokinase on fructose = fructose-6-phosphate Galactokinase on galactose = galactose-1-phosphate Hexokinase on galactose = galactose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose level is decreased below ______ mg/dl.

<p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pure Anabolic Pathway

A metabolic pathway that builds up complex molecules from simpler ones.

Pure Catabolic Pathway

A metabolic pathway that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones.

Amphibolic Pathway

A metabolic pathway that can function both as catabolic or anabolic.

Aerobic Glycolysis ATP

Glucose breakdown in the presence of oxygen, producing 6-8 ATP.

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Anaerobic Glycolysis ATP

Glucose breakdown without oxygen, producing 2 ATP.

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Complete Glucose Oxidation ATP

Breakdown of one glucose molecule completely, aerobically, yielding 36-38 ATP.

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Substrate-level Phosphorylation

ATP production by directly transferring phosphate groups to ADP.

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HMP Shunt Coenzyme

NADP is the coenzyme needed in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (HMP Shunt).

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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate DH Coenzyme

NAD is the coenzyme used by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

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Succinate DH Coenzyme

FAD is the coenzyme needed by succinate dehydrogenase.

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Uronic Acid Pathway Function

Produces UDP-glucuronic acid, important for detoxification and vitamin C synthesis (in animals).

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HMP Shunt Function

Produces NADPH+H and ribose-5-phosphate.

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Glycolysis Key Enzyme

Hexokinase/Glucokinase, Phosphofructokinase-1, Pyruvate Kinase are key enzymes.

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Krebs Cycle Key Enzyme

Citrate synthase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are key enzymes.

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Glycogenesis Key Enzyme

Glycogen synthase is the key enzyme.

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Glycogenolysis Key Enzyme

Glycogen phosphorylase is the key enzyme.

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Gluconeogenesis Key Enzyme

Pyruvate carboxylase, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and Glucose-6-phosphatase.

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Study Notes

CHO Metabolism Revision

  • Anabolic Pathways: Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis
  • Catabolic Pathways: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, Krebs cycle, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenolysis
  • Amphibolic Pathway: Krebs cycle
  • Aerobic Glycolysis (Glucose): 36-38 ATP
  • Anaerobic Glycolysis (Glucose): 2 ATP
  • Oxidative Decarboxylation (2 Pyruvate): 6 ATP
  • Acetyl CoA Oxidation (Krebs): 12 ATP
  • Substrate-level Phosphorylation (Glycolysis): Phosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate kinase
  • Substrate-level Phosphorylation (Krebs): Succinate thiokinase
  • Coenzymes:
    • HMP shunt: NADP
    • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: NAD
    • Succinate dehydrogenase: FAD
  • Uronic Acid Pathway: Production of Glucuronic acid (UDP-glucuronic acid) for detoxification, vitamin C synthesis (in animals, not humans).
  • HMP Shunt: Important for NADPH+H and ribose-5-phosphate production
  • Key Enzymes (Glycolysis): Hexokinase, Glucokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase
  • Key Enzymes (Krebs Cycle): Citrate synthase, Isocitrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  • Key Enzyme (HMP Shunt): Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • Key Enzymes (Glycogenesis): Glycogen synthase
  • Key Enzymes (Glycogenolysis): Glycogen phosphorylase
  • Key Enzymes (Gluconeogenesis): Pyruvate carboxylase, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, Glucose-6-phosphatase
  • Glycogenolysis (Liver): Produces free glucose due to glucose-6-phosphatase
  • Glycogenolysis (Muscle): Does not produce free glucose (lacks glucose-6-phosphatase)
  • Cycles in Cytoplasm: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis
  • Cycle in Mitochondria: Krebs Cycle
  • Cycle in Both Cytoplasm and Mitochondria: Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycogen Phosphorylase: Breaks α-1,4 glucosidic bonds
  • Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: Stimulates glycolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis
  • Fanconi Syndrome: Decreased renal tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and phosphate, leading to glucosuria, aminoaciduria, and phosphaturia
  • Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate (to Acetyl CoA) and α-ketoglutarate (to Succinyl CoA): Crucial steps in cellular respiration employing the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (5 coenzymes: NAD, FAD, CoASH, TPP, Lipoic acid) for both reactions
  • Glycolysis (RBCs): Anaerobic process, yields 2 ATP, produces 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, independent of insulin
  • Normal Fasting Blood Glucose: 70-110 mg/dL
  • 2-hour Postprandial Blood Glucose: Up to 140 mg/dL
  • Random Blood Glucose: Up to 140 mg/dL
  • Hypoglycemia: Blood glucose below 60 mg/dL
  • Renal Threshold: 180 mg/dL
  • Glucokinase/Hexokinase on Glucose: Glucose-6-phosphate
  • Fructokinase on Fructose: Fructose-1-phosphate
  • Hexokinase on Fructose: Fructose-6-phosphate
  • Galactokinase on Galactose: Galactose-1-phosphate
  • Hexokinase on Galactose: Galactose-6-phosphate

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