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Which of these is a pure anabolic pathway?
Which of these is a pure anabolic pathway?
Which of these is a pure catabolic pathway?
Which of these is a pure catabolic pathway?
What is an amphibolic pathway?
What is an amphibolic pathway?
The Krebs cycle
How many ATP molecules are produced by aerobic glycolysis of glucose?
How many ATP molecules are produced by aerobic glycolysis of glucose?
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The oxidative decarboxylation of two molecules of pyruvate produces 12 ATP.
The oxidative decarboxylation of two molecules of pyruvate produces 12 ATP.
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Give two examples of substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis?
Give two examples of substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis?
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Match the coenzymes to the metabolic pathways they are required in.
Match the coenzymes to the metabolic pathways they are required in.
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What is the important function of the uronic acid pathway?
What is the important function of the uronic acid pathway?
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The HMP shunt plays a key role in the production of both NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.
The HMP shunt plays a key role in the production of both NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.
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Which of the following enzymes is NOT a key enzyme of glycolysis?
Which of the following enzymes is NOT a key enzyme of glycolysis?
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What is the role of the branching enzyme in glycogenesis?
What is the role of the branching enzyme in glycogenesis?
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What is the role of inorganic phosphate in glycogenolysis?
What is the role of inorganic phosphate in glycogenolysis?
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Glycogenolysis in the liver can release free glucose because of the presence of glucose-6-phosphatase.
Glycogenolysis in the liver can release free glucose because of the presence of glucose-6-phosphatase.
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Glycogenolysis in muscles can also release free glucose, just like in the liver.
Glycogenolysis in muscles can also release free glucose, just like in the liver.
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Which of the following metabolic pathways DO NOT take place in the cytoplasm?
Which of the following metabolic pathways DO NOT take place in the cytoplasm?
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What is the only type of glucosidic bond that glycogen phosphorylase can break?
What is the only type of glucosidic bond that glycogen phosphorylase can break?
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What needs to happen to glycerol before it can be used for gluconeogenesis?
What needs to happen to glycerol before it can be used for gluconeogenesis?
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What is the role of phosphofructokinase 2 in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
What is the role of phosphofructokinase 2 in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
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What are the key features of Fanconi syndrome?
What are the key features of Fanconi syndrome?
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The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA both require the same five coenzymes.
The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA both require the same five coenzymes.
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Glycolysis in red blood cells is an anaerobic process that ends with the production of lactate and generates only 2 ATP.
Glycolysis in red blood cells is an anaerobic process that ends with the production of lactate and generates only 2 ATP.
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What is the normal fasting blood glucose level?
What is the normal fasting blood glucose level?
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What is the normal renal threshold for glucose?
What is the normal renal threshold for glucose?
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Both glucokinase and hexokinase act on glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate.
Both glucokinase and hexokinase act on glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate.
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Match the enzymes with the products they produce when acting on their respective substrates:
Match the enzymes with the products they produce when acting on their respective substrates:
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Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose level is decreased below ______ mg/dl.
Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose level is decreased below ______ mg/dl.
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Study Notes
CHO Metabolism Revision
- Anabolic Pathways: Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis
- Catabolic Pathways: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, Krebs cycle, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenolysis
- Amphibolic Pathway: Krebs cycle
- Aerobic Glycolysis (Glucose): 36-38 ATP
- Anaerobic Glycolysis (Glucose): 2 ATP
- Oxidative Decarboxylation (2 Pyruvate): 6 ATP
- Acetyl CoA Oxidation (Krebs): 12 ATP
- Substrate-level Phosphorylation (Glycolysis): Phosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate kinase
- Substrate-level Phosphorylation (Krebs): Succinate thiokinase
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Coenzymes:
- HMP shunt: NADP
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: NAD
- Succinate dehydrogenase: FAD
- Uronic Acid Pathway: Production of Glucuronic acid (UDP-glucuronic acid) for detoxification, vitamin C synthesis (in animals, not humans).
- HMP Shunt: Important for NADPH+H and ribose-5-phosphate production
- Key Enzymes (Glycolysis): Hexokinase, Glucokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase
- Key Enzymes (Krebs Cycle): Citrate synthase, Isocitrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Key Enzyme (HMP Shunt): Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Key Enzymes (Glycogenesis): Glycogen synthase
- Key Enzymes (Glycogenolysis): Glycogen phosphorylase
- Key Enzymes (Gluconeogenesis): Pyruvate carboxylase, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, Glucose-6-phosphatase
- Glycogenolysis (Liver): Produces free glucose due to glucose-6-phosphatase
- Glycogenolysis (Muscle): Does not produce free glucose (lacks glucose-6-phosphatase)
- Cycles in Cytoplasm: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis
- Cycle in Mitochondria: Krebs Cycle
- Cycle in Both Cytoplasm and Mitochondria: Gluconeogenesis
- Glycogen Phosphorylase: Breaks α-1,4 glucosidic bonds
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: Stimulates glycolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis
- Fanconi Syndrome: Decreased renal tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and phosphate, leading to glucosuria, aminoaciduria, and phosphaturia
- Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate (to Acetyl CoA) and α-ketoglutarate (to Succinyl CoA): Crucial steps in cellular respiration employing the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (5 coenzymes: NAD, FAD, CoASH, TPP, Lipoic acid) for both reactions
- Glycolysis (RBCs): Anaerobic process, yields 2 ATP, produces 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, independent of insulin
- Normal Fasting Blood Glucose: 70-110 mg/dL
- 2-hour Postprandial Blood Glucose: Up to 140 mg/dL
- Random Blood Glucose: Up to 140 mg/dL
- Hypoglycemia: Blood glucose below 60 mg/dL
- Renal Threshold: 180 mg/dL
- Glucokinase/Hexokinase on Glucose: Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructokinase on Fructose: Fructose-1-phosphate
- Hexokinase on Fructose: Fructose-6-phosphate
- Galactokinase on Galactose: Galactose-1-phosphate
- Hexokinase on Galactose: Galactose-6-phosphate
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