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Questions and Answers

What happens to a cell that reaches equilibrium?

It continues to carry out metabolic functions.

It becomes more efficient at energy transfer.

It enters a state of hibernation.

It is considered dead. (correct)

Which process is NOT a transport mechanism used by cells?

Facilitated transport

Photosynthesis (correct)

Active transport

Diffusion

How does energy transfer relate to entropy in living organisms?

Energy transfer decreases entropy in all cases.

Energy transfer has no effect on entropy.

Energy transfer increases entropy in their surroundings. (correct)

Energy transfer creates order within the organism.

Which of the following best describes the role of products in a normal metabolic pathway?

They become reactants in subsequent steps. Signup and view all the answers

What signifies that a cell is NOT in equilibrium?

Metabolic processes are ongoing. Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is formed when a phosphate group is removed from ATP?

ADP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP in the cell?

Serving as the main energy source Signup and view all the answers

Which process converts ADP back into ATP?

Cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction produces ATP?

Exergonic Signup and view all the answers

How does ADP become ATP during energy production?

By the attachment of a free phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes ATP?

Acts as the primary energy currency in the cell Signup and view all the answers

What happens to energy in the ecosystem according to the content?

It enters as sunlight and exits as heat. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between ATP and ADP?

ATP is regenerated from ADP by adding a phosphate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

To produce organic compounds using light energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are reactants in the process of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide and water Signup and view all the answers

How is energy released from ATP for cellular work?

By breaking high-energy bonds between phosphates Signup and view all the answers

What are the main products of photosynthesis?

Glucose and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

It captures light energy for conversion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes respiration?

It breaks down glucose to release energy Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

It is released into the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

In what way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration complementary processes?

One creates glucose while the other consumes glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Calvin cycle in plants?

To synthesize food and energy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement differentiates cellular respiration from breathing?

Cellular respiration is a chemical process, while breathing is a physical one. Signup and view all the answers

If oxygen is present after glycolysis, which two pathways follow?

Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during lactic acid fermentation?

Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid to regenerate NAD+. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of glycolysis?

To convert glucose into pyruvic acid and release some energy Signup and view all the answers

Which products are formed as by-products of alcoholic fermentation?

Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What are the two structural components of the mitochondrion?

Inner membrane and outer membrane Signup and view all the answers

When does fermentation take place in cells?

When oxygen is absent or in limited supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

To absorb sunlight for energy conversion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Calvin Cycle is true?

It produces carbohydrates using carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the color of leaves in autumn?

Chlorophyll fades, revealing other pigments like carotenoids Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as the energy currency in cells during photosynthesis?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What substance does photosynthesis consume to produce glucose and oxygen?

Carbon dioxide and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of photosynthesis to life on Earth?

It is crucial for oxygen production and CO2 consumption Signup and view all the answers

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which of the following products is NOT generated?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of cellular respiration in cells?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of ATP in cells?

ATP transfers energy from food breakdown to cell processes. Signup and view all the answers

What components make up a molecule of ATP?

Adenine, Ribose, and Three Phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

During the ATP-ADP cycle, what happens when a phosphate group is removed from ATP?

Energy is released for cellular processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms primarily carry out photosynthesis?

Plants and algae Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

To produce ATP through cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Equilibrium

Equilibrium is a state where there is no net change in the concentration of reactants and products within a cell.
When a cell reaches equilibrium, it is no longer able to perform work or maintain its internal environment.

Cell Transport Mechanisms

Passive transport does not require energy input from the cell, relying on concentration gradients. Examples include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active transport requires energy from the cell to move substances against their concentration gradient. Examples include protein pumps and endocytosis/exocytosis.

Energy Transfer and Entropy

Energy transfer in living organisms involves the conversion of energy from one form to another, often with some energy lost as heat.
Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness within a system.
Living organisms maintain a high level of order and decrease entropy by using energy to create and maintain complex structures.

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways are series of interconnected chemical reactions that occur in cells.
Products are the molecules produced at the end of a metabolic pathway. They can serve as reactants in other pathways or be used for cellular processes.

Non-Equilibrium State

A cell not in equilibrium indicates that it is actively carrying out biological processes, such as growth, repair, and metabolism. These processes require energy and create an imbalance that favors the maintenance of life.

ATP and Its Role

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells.
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is formed when a phosphate group is removed from ATP.
The primary role of ATP in cells is to provide energy for various cellular processes.
Cellular respiration is the process that converts ADP back into ATP.

ATP Production

Exergonic reactions release energy and are the primary source of ATP production.
ADP becomes ATP during energy production when a phosphate group is added to ADP through the process of phosphorylation.

Characteristics of ATP

ATP is considered a high-energy molecule due to the instability of the phosphate bonds.

Energy in the Ecosystem

Energy is continually flowing through ecosystems, from the sun to producers and consumers.
Energy transformations result in some energy being lost as heat.

ATP and ADP Relationship

ATP and ADP are intertwined in a cycle where ATP is used to provide energy and then converted back to ADP.
This cycle represents a continual transfer of energy within the cell.

Photosynthesis

The primary function of photosynthesis is to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Reactants of photosynthesis include carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.

ATP Energy Release

Energy is released from ATP for cellular work through the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond, converting ATP into ADP.

Photosynthesis Products

The primary products of photosynthesis are glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

Chlorophyll's Role

Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is a process that breaks down glucose to release energy, primarily as ATP.
Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is used by organisms as a reactant in cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes, with the products of one serving as the reactants for the other.

Calvin Cycle

The Calvin cycle is a series of reactions in photosynthesis that uses carbon dioxide and energy from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose.

Cellular Respiration vs. Breathing

Cellular respiration is a chemical process that occurs within cells, while breathing is a physical process involving the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.

Pathways After Glycolysis

If oxygen is present following glycolysis, the two pathways that follow are the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen. It converts pyruvate from glycolysis into lactic acid, generating a small amount of ATP.

Glycolysis

The main purpose of glycolysis is to break down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

Products of Alcoholic Fermentation

Ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide are the byproducts of alcoholic fermentation.

Mitochondrion Components

The two structural components of the mitochondrion are the outer membrane and the inner membrane, which forms folds called cristae.

Fermentation Timing

Fermentation takes place in cells when oxygen is limited.

Chlorophyll's Primary Role

Chlorophyll absorbs specific wavelengths of light, primarily red and blue, for photosynthesis.

Calvin Cycle Fact

The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

Autumn Leaf Color

Chlorophyll breaks down in autumn, revealing underlying pigments such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, which contribute to the vibrant fall colors.

Energy Currency in Photosynthesis

ATP acts as the energy currency in cells during photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Consumption

Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

Significance of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is crucial for sustaining life on Earth by providing oxygen and food for all living organisms.

Light-Dependent Reactions

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, glucose is NOT generated. The products are ATP and NADPH.

Photosynthesis Equation

The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2*

Cellular Respiration Location

The mitochondria is the primary location of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells.

Cellular Respiration Products

Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

ATP's Role in Cells

ATP is essential for all cellular processes that require energy, including muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and active transport.

ATP Components

ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

ATP-ADP Cycle

When a phosphate group is removed from ATP during the ATP-ADP cycle, energy is released and ADP is formed.

Photosynthetic Organisms

Primarily, plants, algae, and some bacteria carry out photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration Equation

The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP*

Mitochondria Function

Mitochondria are responsible for producing the majority of ATP through cellular respiration.

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